Table 3.
An overview of the discussed biochemical biomarkers of inflammation in complex regional pain syndrome together with an overview of considerations for routine practice
| Biomarker | Acquisition | Simple to obtain in routine practice | Easy to measure | Minimal risk to patient |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CGRP | Venous blood | + | + | + |
| SP | Venous blood | + | + | + |
| TNF-α | Blister fluid | − | + | − |
| IL-6 | Blister fluid | − | + | − |
| Tryptase | Blister fluid | − | + | − |
| Mast cell numbers | Skin biopsies | − | − | − |
| CD14+CD16+ monocytes | Venous blood | + | + | + |
| CD8+ T lymphocytes | Venous blood | + | + | + |
| sIL-2R | Venous blood | + | + | + |
| Autoantibodies | Venous blood | + | +/− | + |
| miRNA | Venous blood | + | − | + |
CGRP calcitonin gene-related peptide, IL-6 interleukin-6, miRNA microRNA, sIL-2R soluble interleukin-2 receptor, SP substance P, TNF-α tumor necrosis factor-α, + indicates ‘yes’, − indicates ‘no’