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. 2019 Oct 2;9:14171. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-48898-4

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Comparison of DPA 154, 156, and ciprofloxacin-treated E. coli 25922 by percent difference from untreated across cellular and DNA parameters including area, diameter, length form factor (FF) and perimeter. DPA 154 and 156 produce significant changes in cell area, form factor, length, and perimeter, but statistically insignificant changes in DNA morphology. DPA 154 and 156 exert changes in DNA morphology like ciprofloxacin, but DPA 154 also induces changes in cellular ultrastructure inconsistent with DNA synthesis inhibition (cell area, diameter, form factor, length, perimeter), providing evidence for a dual mechanism of action. Statistical analysis of variances with post-hoc test can be found in the Supplementary Data (Table S15). *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01. Error bars represent 95% confidence interval for true value of the mean.