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. 2019 Oct 2;9:14173. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-50448-x

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Offspring weekly weights pre-weaning. Values are for are mean and SEM. (a) Male offspring, (b) Female offspring. Four groups of cross-fostered offspring were studied: offspring exposed to a chow diet during pregnancy cross-fostered to a chow fed dam during lactation (CC, n 16) or a cafteria fed dam (CO, n 16), offspring exposed to a cafeteria diet during pregnancy cross-fostered to a chow fed dam during lactation (OC, n 16) or a cafeteria fed dam (OO, n 12). Some animals were excluded from the analysis due to assessment of extreme outliers or data missing. Effect of maternal diet vs time on weekly weight of the offspring was determined through repeated measures ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc tests. In male offspring, effect of time (P < 0.001), Diet*time (P = 0.001) and post hoc test revealed CO, OC and OO to be significantly lighter than CC. In female offspring, effect of time (P < 0.001), Diet* time (P = 0.001), post hoc analysis identified CO, OC and OO to be significantly lighter than CC, and OC to be significantly higher than OO. Different superscript letters signify significant differences at the P < 0.05 level.