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. 2019 Oct 2;9:14175. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-50481-w

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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NGAL immunohistochemistry. (a) Anesthesia control demonstrating no significant NGAL staining; (b) and (c) CPB/DHCA demonstrating diffuse staining of histologically normal appearing proximal tubules and decreased staining in injured proximal tubules; (d) CPB/DHCA with high dose AP demonstrating minimal NGAL staining similar to anesthesia controls. Black arrows = prominent NGAL staining of histologically normal proximal tubules; red arrows = decreased NGAL staining in injured proximal tubules; CPB/DHCA = cardiopulmonary bypass with deep hypothermic circulatory arrest; NGAL = neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin.