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. 2019 Oct 2;9:14203. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-50496-3

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(A) Proteins adsorbed by the substrates during immersing in a-MEM solution with 10% FBS for 24 hours. (B) Amounts of LDH released by MSCs 3 days after the incubation. MSC adhesion (C) and proliferation (D) obtained using CCK-8 assay kit for samples cultured for 1, 5 and 24 hours (C) and for 3–14 days (D), respectively. (E) SEM micrographs of MSCs cultured for 3 days. All values are averages calculated from five independent measurements. Errors are standard deviations. *p < 0.05 and **p < 0.01 compared to metallic Ti substrate; ^††p < 0.01 compared to TiCPCF coating; ^§p < 0.05 and ^§§p < 0.01 compared to TiCPCF-S6 coating; ^&p < 0.05 and ^&&p < 0.01 compared to TiCPCF-S11 coating.