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. 2019 Oct 2;9:14230. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-50652-9

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(a,b) Group 1: Avascular mesenchymal villi show weak focal podoplanin immunoreactivity (a, hematoxylin and eosin [H&E], ×400; b, podoplanin, ×400). (c,d) Group 2: Significant podoplanin immunoreactivity from the sub-trophoblastic area in secondtrimester placenta, in which fetal vessels are present (c, H&E, × 400; d, podoplanin, ×400). (e,f) Group 3: Diffuse podoplanin immunoreactivity in term placental tissue (e, H&E, ×200; f, podoplanin, ×200). Group 5: Molar pregnancy groups. (g,h) In partial moles, podoplanin loss was observed in cistern-containing villi and podoplanin expression was maintained in normal appearing villi [asterisk] (g, H&E, ×630; h, podoplanin, ×400). (i,I) Total podoplanin loss of hydropic villi in a case of complete molar pregnancy. In the gestational endometrium (internal positive control), the lymphatic endothelium is positive for podoplanin [asterisk] (i, H&E, ×200; i, podoplanin, ×200). Group 6: In cases of chorioamnionitis, podoplanin immunoreactivity in chorionic villi stromal cells was similar to that in the control group (arrow indicates acute inflammation) (group 3) (j, H&E, ×400; k, podoplanin, ×400).