Table 1.
Comparison of different treatment strategies. ND=not determined. N/A=not applicable.
| Categories | Target molecule | Clinical trial phase (Latest) |
Survival advantage (OS mo.) |
Other outcomes (complications) |
Indication for other cancers (FDA approved) |
Ref. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chemotherapy | Temozolomide | DNA | FDA approved | 2.5 | Bone marrow suppression; nausea; emesis | Anaplastic astrocytoma |
12-14 |
| BCNU | DNA crosslink | FDA approved | 2.2 | Bone marrow suppression; nausea; emesis | Medulloblastoma; astrocytoma; multiple myeloma |
17-19 | |
| Lomustine | DNA crosslink | phase III | 16.7 | Bone marrow suppression; nausea; emesis |
lymphoma; gastric cancer |
20-26 | |
| Cyclophosphamide | DNA | phase II | ND | Bone marrow suppression; nausea; emesis |
lymphoma; multiple myeloma; leukemia |
27-31 | |
| Radiotherapy | N/A | DNA | FDA approved | 5.4-7.7 | Nausea; Emesis; Cognitive defect |
Common type | 32-51 |
| TTF | N/A | Mitosis | FDA approved | 2.8 | topical skin rashes | ND | 52-59 |
| BNCT | N/A | GBM cell | phase II | 2.2 | ND | ND | 60-64 |
| Anti-angiogenic therapy | Bevacizumab | VEGF ligand | FDA approved | -0.4 | Hypertension; thromboembolic |
Colorectal cancer; Lung cancer; Renal cell cancer |
65-71 |
| Nimotuzumab | EGFR | phase III | 5.2 | Chills; fever |
Squamous carcinoma; Pancreatic cancer; Nasopharyngeal cancer |
72-75 | |
| ABT-414 | EGFR | phase I | ND | Blurred vision; Keratitis |
ND | 76-77 | |
| Immunotherapy | Vaccination | EGFRvIII | phase III | 2 | ND | ND | 78-84 |
| Adoptive cell therapy | EGFRvIII | phase II | 5.9 | ND | ND | 85-86 | |
| check-point inhibition | PD-1 | phase II | 6.2 | Hypophysitis; encephalitis |
Melanoma; lung/kidney cancer |
87-91 | |
| Immunostimulant | Immunity | phase II | 6.4 | toxicity | ND | 92-98 | |
| Epigenetic therapy | Vorinostat(deacetylase) | Histone | phase II | -1.44 | diarrhea | CTCL | 101-105 |
| VPA ( deacetylase) | phase II | 15 | Nausea; emesis |
ND | 106-109 | ||
| Histone methyltransferase and demethylase |
Histone | ND | ND | ND | ND | 114-115 | |
| Oncolytic virus therapy | G47Δ | GBM cell | phase II | ND | ND | ND | 116 |
| ZIKV | GBM cell | Pre-clinic | ND | ND | ND | 123 | |
| Oncolytic H-1 Parvovirus | GBM cell | phase II | ND | ND | ND | 124 | |
| Poliovirus | GBM cell | Phase I | ND | ND | ND | 125-130 | |
| Vaccinia | GBM cell | Pre-clinic | ND | ND | ND | 131-134 | |
| NDV | GBM cell | Pre-clinic | ND | ND | ND | 131-134 | |
| Gene therapy | Suicide gene therapy | gene | phase II | 0.4 | ND | ND | 138-144 |
| Tumor-suppressor Gene Therapy |
gene | Pre-clinic | ND | ND | ND | 145-149 | |
| Immune-modulatory gene therapy |
gene | Pre-clinic | ND | local inflammation | ND | 150-153 | |
| Affecting the tumor microenvironment | gene | Pre-clinic | ND | ND | ND | 154-157 |