Table 2.

Childhood/adolescence and adulthood, mild to moderate impairment with no developmental delay/disability: condition-related annual direct health care costs

Cost component	Cost estimatea,b	Cost estimate (variability)	Population	Data source	Source
Direct health care costs related to SNHL
First year hearing loss is identified	Assumed: $1946 to $2006c,d	None reported	N/A	Medicare reimbursement rates applied to treatment algorithms for mild, moderate, and severe SNHL based on clinical opinion	Gantt et al. [23]
< 6 year of age	Assumed: $1921 to $1971c,d
6–12 year of age	Assumed: $1595 to $1682c,d
13–17 year of age	Assumed: $1585 to $1673c,d
≥ 18 years of age	Assumed: $984c
Direct health care costs related to vision loss
Blindness/vision loss	Total, per person: $7623	None reported	Respondents with ICD-9-CM code 361 (no self-reported diabetes), 362 (no self-reported diabetes), 369, or 378	MEPS	Wittenborn and Rein [41]
Retinal disorders (without diabetes)	Total, per person: $4268
Strabismus	Total, per person: $2705

CPI, Consumer Price Index; ICD-9-CM, International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification; MEPS, Medical Expenditure Panel Survey; N/A, not applicable; SNHL, sensorineural hearing loss; US, United States

^aCost estimates are inflated to 2018 US $ using the medical care component of the CPI [31]. Gantt et al. [23] and Wittenborn and Rein [41] were originally presented in 2016 and 2013 US $, respectively

^bDirect health care cost estimates exclude out-of-pocket costs

^cGantt et al. [23] does not report the type/measure of the cost estimate provided. Cost estimate from Wittenborn and Rein [41] does not control for the presence of other vision-related conditions

^dThe lower bound provides the cost estimate for patients with mild to moderate hearing loss; the upper bound proves the cost estimate for patients with severe to profound hearing loss