TABLE 1—

Characteristics of the Studies Included in the Meta-Analysis of Effects of Shift Work Exposure on Mental Health and Male-Female Differences: United States, 2018

Study	Design	Follow-Up	Type of Adverse Mental Health Outcome	Tool Used	Case Definition	Sample Size	Age, Yearsa	Gender	Occupational Group
Lin et al.14	Cohort study	1 y	General poor mental health symptoms	GHQ-12	Score > 4	1360	29.9 (20–45)	Female	Nurses
Bara and Arber15	Cohort study	8 y	General poor mental health symptoms	GHQ-12	Score > 4	9765	21–73	Female and male	Not specified
Bildt and Michelsen17	Cohort study	4 y	General poor mental health symptoms	GHQ-12	Score > 75th percentile	420	46–63	Female and male	Not specified
Driesen et al.27	Cohort study	10 y	Depressive symptoms	Self-report HPQ checklist	Current/past treatment of depressive disorder	8178	40.1 (8.0)	Female and male	Not specified
De Raeve et al.28	Cohort study	2 y	General poor mental health symptoms	GHQ-12	Score > 4	6828	41.72 (8.70)	Female and male	Not specified
Berthelsen et al.29	Cohort study	1 y	Anxiety and depressive symptoms	HADS-14	Score > 8 in respective scales	1582	30 (21–60)	Female and male	Nurses
Poole et al. 30	Cohort study	6 mo	Anxiety and depressive symptoms	GHQ-28 anxiety and depression scales	Score > 4 in respective scales	298	35 (18–60)	Female and male	Factory employees

Note. GHQ = General Health Questionnaire; HADS = Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; HPQ = Health and Work Performance Questionnaire.

^aAverage age at baseline, or the highest mean when the study presented the population in stratified groups, with SD or range presented in parentheses.