Fig. 1.

Effect sizes for a comparison of microbiome diversity of healthy versus diseased individuals. Bar color indicates Hill number exponent (black: q = 0; dark grey: q = 1, light grey: q = 2). If the effect size is positive, the microbiome diversity of healthy individuals was higher than that of diseased individuals (d = H−D > 0, indicated by a right bar). If the effect is negative, the microbiome diversity of healthy individuals was lower than that of diseased individuals (d = H−D < 0, indicated by a left bar). Asterisks indicate p < 0.05 for test of Cohen’s (1988) [37] d statistic. T1D type-1 diabetes, PD Parkinson’s disease, MHE minimal hepatic encephalopathy, CRC colorectal cancer, IBD irritated bowel disease, HIV human immunodeficiency virus, CF cystic fibrosis, BV bacterial vaginosis. To simplify the graphs, only one comparison for each case study is displayed here. Occasionally, some case studies may have more than one comparison (i.e., more than two groups to compare, e.g., IBD has healthy, CD and UC groups). The results for all 41 possible comparisons are exhibited in OSI Table S2