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. 2019 Sep 27;10:2135. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02135

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Copyright © 2019 Silva-García, Valdez-Alarcón and Baizabal-Aguirre.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Wnt/β-catenin signaling mechanism. (A) In unstimulated cells, β-catenin forms a macromolecular complex with Axin, APC, CK1α, and GSK3 (destruction complex). Phosphorylation by CK1α and GSK3 prepares β-catenin to be ubiquitinated and degraded in the proteasome 26S. (B) The interaction of Wnt glycoprotein ligands with Frizzled receptors and LRP5/6 co-receptors recruits DVL to the plasma membrane. Then, GSK3 phosphorylates LRP5/6 and β-catenin is no longer phosphorylated and ubiquitinated because the destruction complex disassembles. The β-catenin accumulated in the cytoplasm is translocated to the nucleus where it displaces the co-repressor Groucho and interacts with TCF to activate gene expression.