Table 3.
Summary of high gradient magnetic downstream processes at larger scales published since 2000.
| HGMS | Magnetic carrier | Broth characteristics | Target biomaterial | Feedstock volume/processing | P | Y | CF | PF | Further comments | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NdFeB magnet, 0.2 T, 2 L | Chitosan beads (47 μm, 65 μm) | Bovine trypsin | 10 L | Safarik et al., 2001 | ||||||
| Electro, 0.4 T | Bacitracin-linked beads (0.5-1 μm) | Cell-free Bacillus clausii broth | Savinase | Enzyme activity | Hubbuch et al., 2001 | |||||
| Electro, 0.4 T, 15 mL | Benzamidine-linked beads | Porcine pancreatin crude | Trypsin | 0.4 L, 1 g/L beads in, 2 g/L beads out | 62% | 3.5 | Hubbuch and Thomas, 2002 | |||
| Electro, 0.4 T, 5 mL | Dextran beads | Filtered extract of jack beans | Concanavalin | 125 mL, 4 g/L carrier | 99% | 69% | 3.8 | Heebøll-Nielsen et al., 2004a | ||
| Electro, 0.4 T, 5 mL | Cation-exchange beads | Clarified rennet bovine whey | Lactoperoxidase, lysozyme | 380 mL, 2.5 g/L carrier | 92% | 4.7 | 36 | Heebøll-Nielsen et al., 2004c | ||
| Electro, 0.4 T, 5 mL | Cation-exchange beads | Crude bovine whey | Lactoferrin, lacto-peroxidase, IgG | 6 g/L | Fractionation (3 proteins) | Heebøll-Nielsen et al., 2004b | ||||
| NdFeB magnet, 0.56 T, 4 mL | Cu-IDA beads | Crude sweet whey | Superoxide dismutase | 52 mL,7 g/L beads in, 21 g/L beads out 0.15–0.6 g/L protein | 86% | 21 | Meyer et al., 2005 | |||
| NdFeB magnet, 0.32 T, 46 mL | Epoxy-PVA beads (1–2 μm) | Candida antarctica | Lipase | Multicyclic activity | Schultz et al., 2007 | |||||
| NdFeB magnet, 0.32 T, 182 mL | Functionalized beads | Crude sweet whey | Lactoferrin | 2.2 L, 5 g/L carrier in | 47% | 1.7 | 18.6 | Multicyclic recovery | Meyer et al., 2007 | |
| NdFeB magnet | DEAP beads | Clarified mare blood serum | Equine chorionic gonadotropin | 0.5 L | 5.4 | 975 | Müller et al., 2011 | |||
| Electro, R-S, 0.28 T, 160 mL | PAA beads (1.9 μm) | Filtered cheese, bovine whey | Lactoferrin, lactoperoxidase | 10 L (multiple cycles), 2 L per batch, 2,5 g/L carrier | 81 % (LPO) | 2.3 (LPO) | 73.4 (LPO) | Multicyclic recovery | Brown et al., 2013 | |
| Electro, R-S, 0.25 T, 980 mL | Cu-EDTA nano particles (22 nm) | Unclarified E. coli lysate | His-GFP | 2.4 L, 100 g carrier, 22.3 g/L carrier in, 35 g/L carrier out, 8.5 g/L His-GFP | 96% | 93% | 0.3 | 2.5 | 12 g/h; 2.2 g/L h | Fraga García et al., 2015 |
| Electro, R-S, 0.25 T, 980 mL | DEAP beads | Pre-purified mare blood serum | Equine chorionic gonadotropin | 20 L, 60 g carrier, 4.5 g/L carrier | 56% | 6.7 | 2049 | Multicyclic recovery | Müller et al., 2015 | |
| NdFeB magnet, 0.56 T, 4 mL | Hydrophobic beads (0.8 μm) | Unclarified rabbit antiserum | Polyclonal antibody | 11.6 mL, 2.5 g/L IgG, 9.3 g/L lysate, 31.7 g/L carrier out | 81% | 72% | 3 | Gomes et al., 2018 | ||
| NdFeB magnet, 0.4 T, 122 mL | Bare Fe3O4 nano particles (12 nm) | Clarified E. coli lysate | Glu-GFP | 1 L, 2 g, 2 g/L carrier 0.31 g/L lysate | 68% | 81% | 2.1 | Schwaminger et al., 2019b | ||
| Electro, R-S, 0.25 T, 980 mL | Bare Fe3O4 nano particles (12 nm) | Clarified E. coli lysate | His-GFP | 2 L, 11 g, 5.5 g/L carrier, 1.5 g/L lysate | 91% | 38% | 2.5 | Schwaminger et al., 2019a | ||
| Electro, R-S, 0.25 T, 980 mL | Bare Fe3O4 nano particles (13 nm) | S. ovalternus cultivation | S. ovalternus microalgae cells | 5 L, 0.3 g/L carrier, 0.6 g/L cells | Fraga-García et al., 2018 | |||||
| Electro, rod 1 T | Protein A agarose beads (90 μm) | CHO cell supernatant | Monoclonal antibody | 26 L clarified cell-free harvest, 1.9 L bead for 5 g/L mAb | 86% | Brechmann et al., 2019 |
Separator data, carrier type and diameter, conditions, target material, process scale, and performance indicators are shown. Generally, the magnetic flux densities correspond to the values in the air gap and the volumes to the void values. Broth and target molecules data as well as the carrier data correspond to the ones in the process feed. In each case, the highest processing values were selected. Purity (P), yield (Y), purification factor (PF), and concentration factor (CF) represent generally the total process results and combine several elution fractions.