Table 2.
Association Between Leisure Activities and Cognitive Impairment
| HR (95% CI) for cognitive impairment | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1a | Model 2b | Model 3c | |
| Number of participants | 10,741 | ||
| Number of events | 2,894 | ||
| Number of person-years | 41,760 | ||
| Watching TV or listening to radio | |||
| Never | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
| Sometimes | 0.62 (0.57–0.68)*** | 0.65 (0.59–0.71)*** | 0.67 (0.61–0.73)*** |
| Almost everyday | 0.49 (0.45–0.54)*** | 0.53 (0.49–0.59)*** | 0.56 (0.51–0.61)*** |
| Playing cards or mah-jong | |||
| Never | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
| Sometimes | 0.60 (0.52–0.70)*** | 0.66 (0.57–0.77)*** | 0.69 (0.60–0.80)*** |
| Almost every day | 0.60 (0.49–0.74)*** | 0.66 (0.54–0.82)*** | 0.70 (0.57–0.86)*** |
| Reading books or newspapers | |||
| Never | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
| Sometimes | 0.66 (0.55–0.78)*** | 0.77 (0.64–0.91)*** | 0.82 (0.69–0.98)* |
| Almost every day | 0.53 (0.44–0.63)*** | 0.61 (0.51–0.73)*** | 0.64 (0.53–0.78)*** |
| Religious activities | |||
| Never | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
| Sometimes | 0.90 (0.80–1.02) | 0.97 (0.86–1.10) | 1.00 (0.88–1.13) |
| Almost every day | 1.13 (0.93–1.37) | 1.11 (0.92–1.34) | 1.13 (0.93–1.37) |
| Gardening | |||
| Nerve | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
| Sometimes | 0.88 (0.78–0.99)* | 0.93 (0.83–1.05)* | 0.97 (0.86–1.10) |
| Almost every day | 0.74 (0.67–0.83)** | 0.85 (0.76–0.95)** | 1.04 (0.92–1.17) |
| Keeping domestic animals or pets | |||
| Never | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
| Sometimes | 0.88 (0.75–1.04) | 0.95 (0.80–1.12) | 0.99 (0.84–1.17) |
| Almost every day | 0.58 (0.48–0.71)*** | 0.65 (0.53–0.79)*** | 0.69 (0.57–0.84)*** |
Note: CI = Confidence interval; HR = Hazard ratio.
aModel 1: adjusted for ADL and participation in other leisure activities. bModel 2: further adjusted for age, sex, education level, marital status, living pattern, and residence. cModel 3 (fully-adjusted model): further adjusted for smoking status, alcohol consumption, frequent vegetable consumption, frequent fruit consumption, regular exercise, BMI, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, housework, and baseline MMSE scores.
*p ≤ .05, **p ≤ .01, ***p ≤ .001.