Table 3.
Association Between Leisure Activities and Cognitive Impairment According to Age Groups
| HR (95% CI) for Cognitive Impairmenta | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Octogenarians | Nonagenarians | Centenarians | |
| Number of participants | 6,188 | 3,261 | 1,292 |
| Number of events | 1,270 | 1,047 | 587 |
| Number of person-years | 26,843 | 11,117 | 3,800 |
| Watching TV or listening to radio | |||
| Never | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
| Sometimes | 0.63 (0.55–0.73)*** | 0.70 (0.60–0.81)*** | 0.64 (0.52–0.80)*** |
| Almost every day | 0.56 (0.49–0.65)*** | 0.56 (0.48–0.67)*** | 0.50 (0.39–0.63)*** |
| Playing cards or mah-jong | |||
| Never | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
| Sometimes | 0.63 (0.51–0.78)*** | 0.73 (0.57–0.93)* | 0.92 (0.61–1.39) |
| Almost every day | 0.76 (0.58–0.99)* | 0.65 (0.44–0.96)* | 0.63 (0.32–1.24) |
| Reading books or newspapers | |||
| Never | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
| Sometimes | 0.84 (0.65–1.08) | 1.02 (0.76–1.36) | 0.51 (0.28–0.91)* |
| Almost every day | 0.69 (0.53–0.90)** | 0.56 (0.40–0.78)*** | 0.81 (0.50–1.34) |
| Religious activities | |||
| Never | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
| Sometimes | 0.98 (0.83–1.17) | 1.11 (0.90–1.37) | 0.96 (0.69–1.33) |
| Almost every day | 1.13 (0.84–1.51) | 1.12 (0.81–1.55) | 1.16 (0.75–1.79) |
| Gardening | |||
| Nerve | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
| Sometimes | 0.90 (0.75–1.08) | 1.02 (0.82–1.25) | 1.15 (0.84–1.57) |
| Almost every day | 1.01 (0.86–1.18) | 1.03 (0.84–1.28) | 1.16 (0.83–1.61) |
| Keeping domestic animals or pets | |||
| Never | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
| Sometimes | 0.90 (0.70–1.15) | 1.06 (0.80–1.39) | 1.41 (0.92–2.18) |
| Almost every day | 0.76 (0.66–0.91)* | 0.61 (0.42–0.89)* | 0.58 (0.55–0.93)* |
Note: CI = Confidence interval; HR = Hazard ratio.
aAdjusted for age, sex, education level, marital status, living pattern and residence, smoking status, alcohol consumption, frequent vegetable consumption, frequent fruit consumption, regular exercise, BMI, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, housework, ADL, participation in other leisure activities, and baseline MMSE scores.
*p ≤ .05, **p ≤ .01, ***p ≤ .001.