Table 1: Patient, procedural, and perioperative characteristics.
Continuous variables are reported using mean, standard deviation in parentheses, and median in brackets. Categorical variables are reported with column percentages relative to the number of responses for the specific question. Comparisons between high and low OME groups were made with separate binomial regressions. Characteristics with multiple categorical variables were collapsed for statistical comparison as follows: Race (White vs. all other categories), Type of Insurance (Medicare vs. Medicaid vs. Commercial, vs. all other categories), ASA physical status (I and II vs. III and IV), Type of opioid medication prescribed (Oxycodone vs. all other opioids).
| Characteristic | Low OME n=95 | High OME n=106 | Chi-Square (degrees of freedom); p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 53.9 (14.7) [56.0] |
46.4 (14.3) [45.5] |
11.78 (1) 0.0006 |
| Female | 57, 60.0% | 70, 66.0% | 0.78 (1) 0.3757 |
| Race | |||
| American Indian or Alaskan Native | 0, 0% | 1, 0.9% | 0.42 (1) 0.5172 |
| Asian | 0, 0% | 1, 0.9% | |
| Black or African American | 4, 4.2% | 5, 4.7% | |
| Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 0, 0% | 2, 1.9% | |
| White | 82, 86.3% | 88, 83% | |
| More than one race | 4, 4.2% | 6, 5.7% | |
| Other | 3, 3.2% | 2, 1.9% | |
| Unknown | 2, 2.1% | 0, 0% | |
| Would rather not answer | 0, 0% | 1, 0.9% | |
| Ethnicity | |||
| Hispanic | 9, 8.5% | 0.53 (1) 0.4655 | |
| 11, 11.6% | |||
| Type of Insurance | |||
| Medicare | 23, 24.2% | 13, 12.3% | 7.09 (3) 0.690 |
| Medicaid | 15, 15.8% | 24, 22.6% | |
| Commercial Insurer (Cigna, Aetna, Anthem, etc.) | 54, 56.8% | 61, 57.6% | |
| Tri-Care or other government insurance | 3, 3.2% | 7, 6.6% | |
| Self pay | 0, 0.0% | 0, 0.0% | |
| Other | 0, 0.0% | 0, 0.0% | |
| Unknown’ | 0, 0.0% | 1, 0.9% | |
| Pre-operative opioids | 18, 19% | 36, 34% | 5.85 (1) 0.0156 |
| Pre-operative benzodiazepines | 12, 12.4% | 17, 16% | 0.47 (1) 0.4914 |
| ASA physical status | |||
| I | 1, 1.1% | 2, 1.9% | |
| II | 48, 50.5% | 50, 47.2% | |
| III | 45, 47.4% | 52, 49.1% | 0.13 (1) 0.7210 |
| IV | 1, 1.1% | 2, 1.9% | |
| ASA Emergency | 4, 4.2% | 6, 5.7% | 0.22 (1) 0.6355 |
| Surgical Procedure Duration (min) | 173.4 (100.8) [141.5] | 164.9 (98.0) [152] | 0.38 (1) 0.5352 |
| Primary Surgical procedure | |||
| Appendectomy or cholecystectomy | 10, 10.5% | 14, 13.2% | |
| Closure of enterostomy (large or small intestine) | 8, 8.4% | 9, 8.5% | 2.24 (6) 0.8960 |
| Colectomy, enterectomy or proctectomy | 26, 27.4% | 28, 26.4% | |
| Exploratory laparotomy | 7, 7.4% | 9, 8.5% | |
| Gastric restrictive procedure | 23, 24.2% | 30, 28.3% | |
| Pancreatectomy | 8, 8.4% | 5, 4.7% | |
| Other | 13, 13.7% | 11, 10.4% | |
| >1 surgical procedure | 25, 26.3% | 31, 29.3% | 0.21 (1) 0.6435 |
| 24-hour prior to discharge oral morphine equivalent (OME mg/7.5) | 3.2 (3.8) [2.0] | 9.8 (6.4) [9.2] | 74.93 (1) <0.0001 |
| 24-hour prior to discharge acetaminophen | 53, 55.8% | 67, 63.2% | 1.15 (1) 0.2844 |
| 24-hour prior to discharge NSAIDs | 21, 22.1% | 26, 24.5% | 0.16 (1) 0.6851 |
| 24-hour prior to discharge gabapentin or pregabalin | 12, 12.6% | 25, 23.6% | 4.09 (1) 0.0432 |
| Type of opioid medication prescribed | |||
| None | 9, 9.5% | 0, 0% | 3.99 (1) |
| Oxycodone | 65, 68.4% | 92, 86.8% | 0.0458 |
| Hydrocodone | 9, 9.5% | 2, 1.9% | |
| Hydromorphone | 4, 4.2% | 7, 6.6% | |
| Tramadol | 8, 8.4% | 2, 1.9% | |
| Other | 0, 0% | 3, 2.8% | |
| Amount of Opioids Prescribed at Discharge (OME mg/7.5) | 107.3 (168.7) [40] | 146.3 (181.5) [50] | 2.2 (1) 0.1382 |
| Disease Type | |||
| Acute | 18, 18.9% | 19, 17.9% | 4.24 (2) |
| Chronic and Non-Acute | 48, 50.5% | 67, 63.2% | 0.1200 |
| Cancer | 29, 30.5% | 20, 18.9% |