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Minocycline‐induced transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β) upregulation modulated neuroinflammation by activating the mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway. A Western blot showing significant differences in protein levels of MAP kinases (extracellular signal–regulated kinase (ERK), p38, JNK, ERK, p‐p38, and p‐ERK) in various groups; n = 4 per group. *P < .05, #P < .01, vs vehicle group
