Table 1.
Previous Simulation Studies.
| Simulation study | Simulated approaches | Recommendation | Distal outcome distribution |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bakk, Tekle, and Vermunt (2013) | 1-step 3-step |
1-step 3-step |
Normal |
| Lanza, Tan, and Bray (2013) | 3-step LTB |
LTB | Normal |
| Asparouhov and Muthén (2014a) | 1-step 3-step LTB |
1-step 3-step LTB |
Normal |
| Asparouhov and Muthén (2014b) | 1-step 1-step PC 3-step ML 3-step BCH LTB |
3-step BCH | Normal |
| 1-step 1-step PC 3-step ML 3-step BCH LTB |
3-step BCH | Normal Bimodal |
|
| Bray, Lanza, and Tan (2015) | Non-inclusive LTB Inclusive LTB |
Inclusive LTB | Normal |
| Bennik and Vermunt (2015) | Mode 1-step 3-step 3-step ML 3-step BCH |
1-step Any 3-steps |
Normal (multilevel) |
| Bakk and Vermunt (2016) | 3-step ML 3-step BCH LTB |
3-step BCH | Normal |
| 3-step ML 3-step BCH LTB |
3-step BCH | Bimodal | |
| Bakk, Oberski, and Vermunt (2016) | 3-step BCH 3-step LTB LTB |
3-step BCH LTB |
Normal |
| Dziak, Bray, Zhang, Zhang, and Lanza (2016) | 3-step 3-step ML 3-step BCH Inclusive 3-step Quadratic 3-step |
3-step BCH | Normal Binary Skewed |
| No and Hong (2018) | 1-step 3-step ML 3-step BCH LTB |
3-step ML 3-step BCH |
Normal |
| Bakk and Kuha (2018) | 1-step 2-step 3-step 3-step ML 3-step BCH |
2-step | Normal Skewed Bimodal |
Note. Distal outcome distribution = within-class distribution of distal outcomes; PC = pseudo-class draws approach (Bandeen-Roche, Miglioretti, Zeger, & Rathouz, 1997); Mode = the use of mode between levels in multilevel latent class analysis; ML = maximum likelihood–based approach (Vermunt, 2010); BCH = BCH approach, named after the developers Bolck, Croon, and Hagennarrs (Vermunt, 2010; Bolck et al., 2004); LTB = LTB approach, named after the developers Lanza, Tan, and Bray (Lanza et al., 2013); 3-step = stepwise mixture modeling approach (Bolck et al., 2004); 3-step ML = stepwise maximum likelihood approach (Vermunt, 2010); 3-step BCH = stepwise BCH approach (Vermunt, 2010); 3-step LTB = stepwise LTB approach (Bakk, Oberski, & Vermunt, 2016); Inclusive 3-step = 3-step approach based on an inclusive model (Dziak et al., 2016); Quadratic 3-step = 3-step approach based on a quadratic model (Dziak et al., 2016); 2-step = alternative stepwise mixture modeling approach (Bakk & Kuha, 2018).