Table 2.
Methodological quality assessment for each individual SRa included in this study using a combination of the ROBISb tool and the AMSTARc 2.
| Author, year (type of SR) | Risk of bias using the ROBIS tool, Phase 2d: Identifying concerns with the review process—the four domains of bias | Risk of bias using the ROBIS tool, Phase 3: Judging overall risk of bias in the review | Level of confidence using the AMSTAR 2: final judgment | |||
|
|
Study eligibility criteria | Identification and selection of studies | Data collection and study appraisal | Synthesis and findings |
|
|
| Bloomfield, 2008 [36] (QTe) | Low | High | High | High | High | Low |
| Brunero, 2012 [37] (MSRf) | Low | Unclear | Unclear | High | Unclear | Low |
| Byrne, 2008 [38] (QT) | High | Unclear | High | High | Unclear | Low |
| Carroll, 2009 [39] (MSR) | High | Unclear | High | High | High | Critically low |
| Chipps, 2012 [40] (QT) | Low | Low | Low | Unclear | Low | Moderate |
| Coyne, 2018 [41] (MSR) | Low | Low | Low | Unclear | Unclear | Moderate |
| Du, 2013 [42] (QT) | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | High |
| Feng, 2013 [43] (QT) | Low | Unclear | Low | Low | Low | High |
| Freire, 2013 [44] (MSR) | Unclear | Low | High | High | High | Low |
| Harkanen, 2016 [45] (QT) | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | High |
| Hegland, 2017 [46] (QT) | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | High |
| Hines, 2015 [47] (QT) | Low | Low | Unclear | Low | Low | Moderate |
| Kakushi, 2016 [48] (MSR) | Unclear | Unclear | High | High | High | Low |
| Kang, 2017 [49] (QT) | Low | Unclear | Low | Low | Low | High |
| Knapp, 2008 [10] (MSR) | High | High | High | High | High | Critically low |
| Lahti, 2014 [1] (QT) | Low | Unclear | Low | Low | Low | Moderate |
| Lam-Antoniades, 2009 [50] (QT) | Low | Unclear | Unclear | High | High | Low |
| Lawn, 2017 [51] (MSR) | Unclear | High | Low | High | Unclear | Low |
| Nicoll, 2018 [3] (MSR) | Low | Unclear | Unclear | High | High | Low |
| Philips, 2012 [52] (MSR) | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | Low |
| Sinclair, 2016 [4] (QT) | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | High |
| Tomlinson, 2013 [53] (QT) | Low | Unclear | High | High | High | Low |
aSR: systematic review.
bROBIS: Risk Of Bias In Systematic Reviews.
cAMSTAR: Assessment of Multiple Systematic Reviews.
dPhase 1 is optional and consists of assessing the relevance of SRs. It was not performed nor described.
eQT: quantitative review.
fMSR: mixed-studies review.