Table 2. Hospital Characteristics by Participation Status, 2011a.
| Characteristic | Coparticipants (n = 105) | Bundled Payment Participants (n = 212) | Nonparticipants (n = 1413) | P Valueb |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics of hospital admissions | ||||
| Annual admissions for top-10 BPCI episodes, mean (SD), %c | 23.0 (5.6) | 21.6 (4.6) | 25.5 (7.1) | <.001 |
| Annual admissions for LEJR, median (IQR)d | 206 (117-388) | 146 (81-268) | 90 (41-182) | <.001 |
| Proportion of discharges to highest-volume IRF, median (IQR), %d | 78.9 (0.0-98.7) | 79.6 (10.2-100) | 50.0 (0.0-100) | .002 |
| Proportion of discharges to highest-volume SNF, mean (SD), % | 27.2 (16.0) | 28.4 (17.6) | 38.6 (20.4) | <.001 |
| 90-Day readmission rate, median (IQR)d | 11.1 (9.0-14.7) | 11.7 (9.1-15.6) | 11.1 (5.9-18.2) | .08 |
| 90-Day LEJR episode spending, median (IQR), $d | 23 903 (21 194-26 124) | 25 096 (22 723-28 512) | 23 517 (20 350-28 097) | <.001 |
| Characteristics of hospital organization | ||||
| No. of beds, median (IQR)d | 303 (172-415) | 251 (163-391) | 145 (81-253) | <.001 |
| Ownership status | ||||
| For profit | 3 (2.9) | 54 (25.8) | 338 (24.6) | <.001 |
| Not for profit | 100 (96.2) | 144 (68.9) | 818 (59.4) | |
| Government | 1 (1.0) | 11 (5.3) | 221 (16.1) | |
| Member of a system | 80 (76.9) | 171 (81.8) | 839 (60.9) | <.001 |
| Teaching statuse | ||||
| Major | 18 (17.3) | 28 (13.4) | 98 (7.1) | <.001 |
| Minor | 45 (43.2) | 68 (32.5) | 335 (24.3) | |
| Nonteaching | 41 (39.4) | 113 (54.1) | 944 (68.6) | |
| Intern and resident to bed ratio, median (IQR)d | 0.0 (0.0-0.1) | 0.0 (0.0-0.06) | 0.0 (0.0-0.02) | <.001 |
| Disproportionate share hospital payments, median (IQR), $f | 2 656 317 (364 284-6 101 116) | 2 742 670 (492 948-7 598 080) | 1 238 117 (427 915-4 005 455) | <.001 |
| Urban status | 104 (100) | 207 (99.0) | 1278 (92.8) | <.001 |
| Medicare days (as percentage of total patient days), mean (SD) |
50.3 (10.7) | 52.4 (10.7) | 51.0 (13.9) | .29 |
| Market share, median (IQR), %d | 9.2 (4.5-17.6) | 6.7 (2.7-18.4) | 4.8 (1.8-12.0) | <.001 |
Abbreviations: BPCI, Bundled Payments for Care Improvement; IQR, interquartile range; IRF, inpatient rehabilitation facility; LEJR, lower-extremity joint replacement; SNF, skilled nursing facility.
Data are presented as number (percentage) of hospitals unless otherwise indicated.
Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to test the differences in continuous variables and χ2 tests for categorical variables.
Major joint replacement of the lower extremity; double joint replacement of the lower extremity; revision of the hip or knee; hip and femur procedures except major joint; lower extremity and humerus procedure except hip, foot, and femur; coronary artery bypass graft; acute myocardial infarction; congestive heart failure; simple pneumonia and respiratory infections; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; and bronchitis or asthma.
Median (IQR) provided where data are skewed.
From the American Hospital Association Annual Survey, major teaching hospitals are those that are members of the Council of Teaching Hospitals (COTH), minor teaching hospitals are non-COTH members that had a medical school affiliation reported to the American Medical Association, and nonteaching hospitals are all other institutions.
Disproportionate share hospital payment percentage derived from the fiscal year 2017 Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services Improving Medicare Post–Acute Care Transformation (IMPACT) file.