Table 3. Association between the PHQ-9 score and LUTS.
| PHQ-9 Categories | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Minimal | Mild | Moderate to severea | Moderate | Moderately severe to severe | ||
| 0–4 | 5–9 | 10–27 | pb | 10–14 | 15–27 | |
| (n = 1,498) | (n = 212) | (n = 110) | (n = 72) | (n = 38) | ||
| Clinical LUTS (2 or more symptoms):c | 151 (10.1%) | 50 (23.6%) | 34 (30.9%) | p < 0.001 | 24 (33.3%) | 10 (26.3%) |
| Age adjusted OR (95% CI)d | 1.00 | 3.27 (2.25–4.76) | 5.05 (3.20–7.97) | 5.89 (3.44–10.11) | 3.74 (1.75–8.00) | |
| Multivariate adjusted OR (95% CI)e | 1.00 | 2.93 (1.99–4.30) | 4.10 (2.50–6.70) | 4.71 (2.67–8.32) | 3.07 (1.39–6.81) | |
| Daytime LUTS | 333 (22.2%) | 75 (35.4%) | 51 (46.4%) | p < 0.001 | 36 (50.0%) | 15 (39.5%) |
| Age adjusted OR (95% CI)d | 1.00 | 2.12 (1.55–2.89) | 3.44 (2.30–5.14) | 2.47 (1.26–4.82) | 1.03 (1.02–1.04) | |
| Multivariate adjusted OR (95% CI)e | 1.00 | 2.11 (1.53–2.91) | 3.41 (2.22–5.24) | 3.95 (2.37–6.57) | 2.54 (1.26–5.12) | |
| Incomplete emptying: | 119 (7.9%) | 29 (13.7%) | 18 (16.4%) | p = 0.002 | 11 (15.3%) | 7 (18.4%) |
| Age adjusted OR (95% CI)d | 1.00 | 1.94 (1.25–3.00) | 2.44 (1.41–4.19) | 2.28 (1.16–4.46) | 2.74 (1.18–6.37) | |
| Multivariate adjusted OR (95% CI)e | 1.00 | 1.76 (1.12–2.76) | 1.92 (1.06–3.47) | 1.75 (0.85–3.57) | 2.28 (0.94–5.55) | |
| Urinary hesitancy: | 82 (5.5%) | 23 (10.8%) | 12 (10.9%) | p = 0.003 | 9 (12.5%) | 3 (7.9%) |
| Age adjusted OR (95% CI)d | 1.00 | 2.32 (1.42–3.81) | 2.43 (1.27–4.64) | 2.91 (1.38–6.13) | 1.62 (0.48–5.40) | |
| Multivariate adjusted OR (95% CI)e | 1.00 | 2.58 (1.55–4.30) | 3.37 (1.67–6.79) | 3.87 (1.75–8.55) | 2.43 (0.70–8.45) | |
| Urinary frequency: | 183 (12.2%) | 40 (18.9%) | 33 (30.0%) | p < 0.001 | 23 (31.9%) | 10(26.3%) |
| Age adjusted OR (95% CI)d | 1.00 | 1.83 (1.25–2.68) | 3.49 (2.24–5.44) | 3.92 (2.31–6.65) | 2.78 (1.32–5.86) | |
| Multivariate adjusted OR (95% CI)e | 1.00 | 1.85 (1.25–2.74) | 3.50 (2.16–5.69) | 3.81 (2.17–6.68) | 2.94 (1.33–6.51) | |
| Nocturia: | 403 (26.9%) | 98 (46.2%) | 55 (50.0%) | p < 0.001 | 37 (51.4%) | 18 (47.4%) |
| Age adjusted OR (95% CI)d | 1.00 | 2.94 (2.15–4.02) | 3.55 (2.36–5.34) | 3.93 (2.39–6.46) | 2.93 (1.50–5.72) | |
| Multivariate adjusted OR (95% CI)e | 1.00 | 2.64 (1.91–3.65) | 2.84 (1.84–4.41) | 3.18 (1.89–5.36) | 2.29 (1.14–4.62) | |
Notes.
CI confidence interval, OR odds ratio, LUTS lower urinary tract symptoms, PHQ-9 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire.
Moderate to severe group for which a PHQ-9 score ≥10 was defined as the major depression group.
Differences of prevalence of LUTS between minimal, mild, and moderate to severe group was analyzed using the chi-square test.
Reported as at least 2 of 4 LUTS (incomplete bladder emptying, trouble starting to urinate, urinary frequency, and nocturia defined as 2 or more voids per night). This analysis included only those men with no clinical LUTS or 2 or more LUTS reported.
Adjusted for age in years.
Adjusted for age in years, educational attainment, household income, employment, binge drinking, smoking status, hypertension, diabetes, coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and cancer.