Fig. 2.

Map of the USA showing how much more compact each state’s districts would be under computational districting. Red-coloured states would improve the most after using our algorithm to form districts that are compact by minimising the pairwise distances between people within a district. Blue-coloured states would improve the least from computational redistricting, though still show an improvement in within-district pairwise distances. States with grey hatching, e.g. Alaska (bottom left), have only one district