Table 2.
Longitudinal Prediction of Adherence and Glycemic Control from Health-Risk Behaviors
| Adherence | HbA1c | |
|---|---|---|
| Smoking | Beta (SE) | Beta (SE) |
| Intercept | .64(.02)*** | 8.63(.21)*** |
| Within person effect | −.02(.02) | .21(.34) |
| Between person effect | −.08(.03)** | .59(.38) |
| Alcohol consumption | −.01(.01) | .41(.19) |
| Insulin withholding | −.03(.005)*** | .25(.08)** |
| Illness Duration | .002(.002) | .004(.03) |
| Oppositional Behaviors | −.003(.002) | .11(.03)** |
| Gender | .004(.02) | −.24(.23) |
| Race | −.01(.03) | 1.20(.35)** |
| Pump | −.01(.01) | −.36(.19) |
| Alcohol consumption | Beta (SE) | Beta (SE) |
| Intercept | .65(.02)*** | 8.69(.21)*** |
| Within person effect | −.01(.01) | .94(.23)*** |
| Between person effect | −.02(.02) | −.41(.30) |
| Smoking | −.04(.02)* | .57(.26)* |
| Insulin withholding | −.03(.005)*** | .23(.08)** |
| Illness duration | .002(.002) | .01(.03) |
| Oppositional behaviors | −.004(.002) | .12(.03)*** |
| Gender | .01(.02) | −.27(.22) |
| Race | −.004(.03) | 1.12(.34)** |
| Pump | −.01(.01) | −.44(.19)* |
| Insulin withholding | Beta (SE) | Beta (SE) |
| Intercept | .60(.01)*** | 8.97(.18)*** |
| Within person effect | −.03(.005)*** | .24(.09)* |
| Between person effect | −.03(.01)** | .26(.14) |
| Alcohol consumption | −.01(.01) | .43(.19)* |
| Smoking | −.04(.02)* | .38(.26) |
| Illness Duration | .002(.002) | .01(.03) |
| Oppositional Behaviors | 0.04(.002) | .11(.03)*** |
| Gender | .01(.02) | −.25(.23) |
| Race | −.01(.03) | 1.19(.35)** |
| Pump | −.01(.01) | −.37(.19) |
Notes. Results are based on 197 individuals with T1D.
*
p < .05
**
p < .01
***
p < .001.
Coding of Level-2 was: gender (−0.5 = male, 0.5 = female), initial pump status (−0.5 = not using pump, 0.5 = using pump), race (−0.5 = white, .0.5 = nonwhite), years since T1D diagnosis (grand mean centered), and oppositional behaviors (grand mean centered).