Table 3.
Analysis of scenarios showing environmental impacts of commuting of 1 person for 1 year for (1) car (diesel), (2) 2-stroke motorcycle and (3) bus base cases, and five alternative strategies for reducing environmental impacts. Percent of the base case shown in parentheses. The reference case for cars uses the diesel and petrol weighted average; the reference case for motorcycles uses the 2- and 4-stroke weighted average.
| NRE | GHG | AC | TE | FE | ME | PM2.5 intake | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MJ | (%) | kg CO2 eq | (%) | molc H+ eq | (%) | molc N eq | (%) | g P eq | (%) | g N eq | (%) | mg | (%) | |
| (1) Car | ||||||||||||||
| Base case | 10 906 | 746 | 2.71 | 8.18 | 103 | 827 | 6.14 | |||||||
| Telecommuting | 8 725 | (80) | 597 | (80) | 2.17 | (80) | 6.55 | (80) | 82 | (80) | 662 | (80) | 4.91 | (80) |
| Occupancy increase | 8180 | (75) | 560 | (75) | 2.03 | (75) | 6.14 | (75) | 77 | (75) | 620 | (75) | 4.60 | (75) |
| Mode shift | 3 993 | (37) | 266 | (36) | 1.69 | (63) | 7.83 | (96) | 17 | (17) | 718 | (87) | 1.89 | (31) |
| Distance reduction | 7 635 | (70) | 522 | (70) | 1.90 | (70) | 5.73 | (70) | 72 | (70) | 579 | (70) | 4.30 | (70) |
| Other technology | 5 677 | (52) | 394 | (53) | 2.11 | (78) | 4.28 | (52) | 324 | (316) | 411 | (50) | 1.20 | (20) |
| (2) Motorcycle | ||||||||||||||
| Base case | 6 641 | 461 | 1.74 | 5.06 | 31 | 458 | 5.78 | |||||||
| Telecommuting | 5 312 | (80) | 369 | (80) | 1.39 | (80) | 4.04 | (80) | 25 | (80) | 366 | (80) | 4.63 | (80) |
| Occupancy increase | 4 427 | (67) | 307 | (67) | 1.16 | (67) | 3.37 | (67) | 21 | (67) | 305 | (67) | 3.85 | (67) |
| Mode shift | 2 827 | (43) | 240 | (52) | 0.81 | (46) | 2.58 | (51) | 93 | (297) | 243 | (53) | 0.48 | (8) |
| Distance reduction | 4 648 | (70) | 323 | (70) | 1.22 | (70) | 3.54 | (70) | 22 | (70) | 320 | (70) | 4.05 | (70) |
| Other technology | 1 964 | (30) | 135 | (29) | 0.87 | (50) | 1.60 | (32) | 122 | (389) | 151 | (33) | 1.36 | (23) |
| (3) Bus | ||||||||||||||
| Base case | 3 993 | 266 | 1.69 | 7.83 | 17 | 718 | 1.89 | |||||||
| Telecommuting | 3 194 | (80) | 213 | (80) | 1.35 | (80) | 6.26 | (80) | 14 | (80) | 574 | (80) | 1.51 | (80) |
| Occupancy increase | 2 662 | (67) | 177 | (67) | 1.13 | (67) | 5.22 | (67) | 11 | (67) | 479 | (67) | 1.26 | (67) |
| Mode shift | 474 | (12) | 36 | (14) | 0.20 | (12) | 0.37 | (5) | 1 | (8) | 35 | (5) | 0.17 | (9) |
| Distance reduction | 2 795 | (70) | 186 | (70) | 1.19 | (70) | 5.48 | (70) | 12 | (70) | 503 | (70) | 1.32 | (70) |
| Other technology | 3 014 | (75) | 214 | (80) | 0.94 | (55) | 2.60 | (33) | 130 | (766) | 245 | (34) | 0.45 | (24) |