Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of 555 kidney transplant recipients and associations of these characteristics with circulating CML and CEL
| Baseline Characteristics | All Patients | CML, ng/ml | CEL, ng/ml | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Linear Regressiona | Backward Linear Regressionb | Linear Regressiona | Backward Linear Regressionb | ||
| Std. βf | Std. βf | Std. βf | Std. βf | ||
| CML, ng/ml, mean (SD) | 374 (110) | ― | ― | 50c | ― |
| CEL, ng/ml, mean (SD) | 224 (70) | 0.50c | ― | ― | ― |
| Demographics | |||||
| Age, years, mean (SD) | 51 (12) | −0.02 | −0.01 | ||
| Sex, male, n (%) | 310 (56) | 0.07d | e | 0.09g | e |
| White ethnicity, n (%) | 537 (97) | 0.03 | 0.01 | ||
| Body mass index, kg/m2, mean (SD) | 26.0 (4.3) | −0.18c | ‒0.19c | ‒0.06d | −0.11c |
| Waist circumference, cm, mean (SD)h | 97 (14) | ‒0.17f | e | −0.04 | |
| Kidney allograft function | |||||
| eGFR, ml/min per 1.73 m2, mean (SD) | 47 (16) | ‒0.47c | ‒0.47c | −0.50c | ‒0.49c |
| Proteinuria ≥0.5 g/24 h, n (%)i | 152 (27) | ‒0.05 | −0.02 | ||
| Cardiovascular history | |||||
| History of cardiovascular diseasej | 73 (13) | 0.03 | 0.01 | ||
| Systolic BP, mm Hg, mean (SD) | 153 (23) | 0.03 | −0.03 | ||
| Diastolic BP, mm Hg, mean (SD) | 90 (10) | ‒0.11c | ‒0.10g | ‒0.09g | e |
| Use of antihypertensives, n (%) | 485 (87) | ‒0.06d | e | −0.02 | |
| Use of ACE inhibitor or ARB, n (%) | 187 (34) | 0.01 | 0.10c | 0.09g | |
| Use of β-blockers, n (%) | 344 (62) | ‒0.03 | −0.01 | ||
| Use of calcium antagonists, n (%) | 212 (38) | 0.02 | ‒0.03 | ||
| Lifestyle | |||||
| Current or former smoker, n (%)i | 358 (65) | ‒0.05 | ‒0.07d | e | |
| Alcohol use, n (%)k | 285 (51) | ‒0.12c | ‒0.08g | ‒0.13c | e |
| 1‒7 U/wk, n (%) | 206 (37) | ‒0.09g | e | ‒0.08g | e |
| >7 U/wk, n (%) | 79 (14) | ‒0.03 | ‒0.05d | e | |
| Physical activity, MET min/d, median (IQR)l | 234 (54‒607) | ‒0.04 | 0.004 | ||
| Diabetes and glucose homeostasis | |||||
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 96 (17) | 0.01 | 0.06d | e | |
| HbA1C, %, mean (SD)h | 6.5 (1.1) | 0.01 | 0.05d | e | |
| Insulin, µU/ml, median (IQR) | 11 (8‒16) | ‒0.06d | e | 0.06d | e |
| HOMA-IR, score, median (IQR) | 2.2 (1.6‒3.5) | ‒0.03 | 0.08g | 0.11c | |
| Laboratory measurements | |||||
| hs-CRP, mg/l, median (IQR) | 1.9 (0.8‒4.8) | ‒0.10c | ‒0.14c | ‒0.07d | −0.08g |
| Thiol, µmol/l, median (IQR)m | 107 (61‒155) | ‒0.08d | ‒0.09g | 0.01 | |
| sVCAM-1, ng/ml, median (IQR) | 967 (777‒1196) | 0.08g | 0.11c | 0.08g | 0.11c |
| Lipids | |||||
| Total cholesterol, mg/dl, mean (SD) | 217 (42) | 0.01 | 0.01 | ||
| HDL cholesterol, mg/dl, mean (SD) | 42 (13) | 0.01 | ‒0.01 | ||
| LDL cholesterol, mg/dl, mean (SD) | 137 (38) | 0.03 | ‒0.03 | ||
| Triglycerides, mg/dl, mean (SD) | 169 (125‒236) | ‒0.04 | 0.09g | e | |
| Kidney transplant and immunosuppressive therapy | |||||
| Dialysis vintage, mo, median (IQR) | 27 (13‒48) | 0.06d | e | 0.08g | 0.09g |
| Time since transplantation, yr, median (IQR) | 6.0 (2.6‒11.6) | 0.05d | e | 0.12c | e |
| Donor type (living), n (%) | 78 (14) | ‒0.04 | ‒0.05d | e | |
| Use of calcineurin inhibitor, n (%) | 438 (79) | ‒0.01 | ‒0.07d | e | |
| Use of proliferation inhibitor, n (%) | 409 (74) | ‒0.07d | ‒0.09g | ‒0.12c | ‒0.10c |
| Cumulative prednisolone, grams, median (IQR) | 20 (9‒37) | 0.06d | e | 0.14c | 0.12c |
CML, Nε-(Carboxymethyl)lysine; CEL, Nε-(Carboxyethyl)lysine; Std., standardized; ―, not applicable; ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blocker; MET, metabolic equivalent of task; IQR, interquartile range; HbA1C, hemoglobin A1C; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; hs-CRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; sVCAM, soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1.
Linear regression analysis; adjusted for age, sex, and eGFR.
Stepwise backward linear regression analysis; for inclusion and exclusion in this analysis, P values were set at 0.2 and 0.05, respectively.
P<0.01.
P<0.2.
Excluded from the final model.
Coefficients represent the difference (in SD) in CML or CEL per 1 SD increment in continuous characteristics or for categorical characteristics the difference (in SD) in CML or CEL compared with the implied reference group.
P<0.05.
Data available in 554 patients.
Data available in 553 patients.
Data available in 551 patients.
Data available in 550 patients.
Data available in 503 patients.
Data available in 497 patients.