Resistance To First-Line Antituberculosis Drugs And Prevalence Of pncA Mutations In Clinical Isolates Of Mycobacterium tuberculosis From Zunyi, Guizhou Province Of China

Abstract

Background

China is one of the high-burden countries for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB), and pyrazinamide is one of the anti-TB drugs used for the shorter MDR-TB treatment regimen. The aim of this study was to determine the correlation between pncA gene mutations and resistance to four first-line anti-TB drugs as well as treatment history in clinical isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Patients and methods

M. tuberculosis clinical isolates were collected from 318 in-patients with smear-positive TB between October 2008 and September 2016 at a major hospital in Zunyi, Guizhou Province of China, and used for drug susceptibility testing against four first-line anti-TB drugs. Genomic DNA extracted from clinical isolates was used for PCR amplification and DNA sequencing of the pncA gene.

Results

Among 318 clinical isolates, 129 (40.6%), 170 (53.5%), 66 (20.8%) and 109 (34.3%) were resistant to rifampicin, isoniazid, ethambutol and streptomycin respectively. In addition, 124 clinical isolates were MDR-TB and 71.8% of them were previously treated cases. Sequencing results showed that 46.8% of MDR-TB and 2.2% of drug susceptible isolates harbored a pncA mutation, and 52 types of pncA mutations were detected from 64 isolates. The prevalence of pncA mutations in isolates resistant to first-line anti-TB drugs and previously treated TB cases was significantly higher than that in drug-susceptible isolates and new cases of TB.

Conclusion

High prevalence of pncA mutations in clinical isolates of M. tuberculosis from Zunyi, Guizhou Province of China, is correlated with resistance to four first-line anti-TB drugs, MDR-TB and previously treated TB cases.

Introduction

Tuberculosis (TB), a chronic infectious disease, caused about 1.6 million deaths globally in 2017, and China is one of the high-burden countries for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB).¹ The recommended treatment for drug-susceptible TB is a six-month first-line regimen including two months of isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide and ethambutol followed by four months of isoniazid and rifampicin.¹ Pyrazinamide (PZA or Z) is also one of the antituberculosis drugs used for the shorter MDR-TB treatment regimen with sterilizing and bactericidal activity. Pyrazinamide, a synthetic nicotinamide analog, has to be converted from a pro-drug to its active form pyrazinoic acid (POA) in the cytoplasm by the nicotinamidase/pyrazinamidase (PZase). Both PZA and POA have been shown to have different enzyme targets interfering with diverse biochemical pathways involved in the mycobacterial energy metabolism, lipid synthesis and membrane transport.²

Previous studies have shown that PZA resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis is mainly caused by various mutations in the PZase coding gene, pncA, or its promoter region leading to a decrease/loss of PZase activity or reduced expression of pncA gene.³ Drug susceptibility testing (DST) against PZA is not routinely performed in most resource-limited regions due to its complexity, inconsistency and high cost. Therefore, an alternative pncA gene-sequencing method was developed to detect mutations in the pncA gene and to rapidly screen for PZA susceptibility with 90.9% of sensitivity and 100% of specificity.⁴ Currently, DNA sequencing of the pncA gene is the proposed reference method for DST against PZA because there is no WHO recommended rapid method.⁵ In a systematic review of mutations reported in 61 studies, 641 unique mutations in 171 out of 187 codons of the pncA gene (561 bp) and its promoter region from 2,760 PZA-resistant isolates and 96 mutations from 3,329 PZA-susceptible isolates were recognized.³ In another study, more than 300 mutations were identified through in vitro saturating mutagenesis of the pncA gene which mapped throughout the entire pncA coding region and conferred resistance to PZA.⁶

It was reported from a multicountry surveillance project involving the detection of pncA mutations that PZA resistance was significantly associated with rifampicin-resistant TB (RR-TB) cases.⁷ Other studies showed that 74% of PZA-resistant TB isolates from Pakistan, more than half of MDR/RR-TB isolates from Sub-Sahara Africa countries and Georgia, and 37.5% of PZA-resistant TB isolates from Yunnan, China, had a mutation in the pncA gene^8–12 However, it was unclear whether similar correlations could be observed in clinical isolates of M. tuberculosis from Zunyi, China. The aim of this study was to determine the correlation between pncA gene mutations and resistance to four first-line anti-TB drugs, MDR-TB as well as treatment history in clinical isolates of M. tuberculosis from a major hospital in Zunyi, Guizhou Province of China.

Patients And Methods

Patients And Clinical Isolates Of M. tuberculosis

This study was conducted at the Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, a tertiary general hospital in Zunyi, Guizhou Province of China. A total of 318 in-patients with smear-positive TB were registered at the Tuberculosis Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine of the hospital. Clinical isolates of M. tuberculosis were collected from the sputum and bronchoscope brush specimens of 318 TB patients as a part of routing hospital laboratory procedures in a period from October 2008 to September 2016. These clinical isolates were not specifically collected for this study; however, patient identifiers were removed from clinical isolates prior to the initiation of this study. Collected clinical specimens were cultured on Löwenstein–Jensen solid slants by following the procedures recommended by WHO¹³ and grown colonies were identified to the species level using 2-thiophene carboxylic acid and para-nitrobenzoic acid selective media.

Drug Susceptibility Testing

Drug susceptibility testing (DST) of M. tuberculosis clinical isolates was conducted at the Laboratory of Respiratory Medicine in the hospital, which was certified by the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CCDC). The proportion method on Löwenstein–Jensen solid slants was used for DST against four first-line anti-TB drugs purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). The critical drug concentrations were: 40 μg/mL of rifampicin (RIF), 0.2 μg/mL of isoniazid (INH), 4 μg/mL of streptomycin (SM), and 2 μg/mL of ethambutol (EMB). The standard M. tuberculosis strain H37Rv was obtained from the China CDC and used as a control for all the tests. The critical proportion of four first-line anti-TB drugs was one percent and multidrug resistance was defined as resistance to both RIF and INH.

DNA Extraction And PCR Amplification

Genomic DNAs were extracted from 318 clinical isolates of M. tuberculosis and the standard H37Rv strain using the cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) method. Two oligonucleotide primers, pncA-F (5ʹ-GCTGGTCATGTTCGCGATCG-3ʹ) and pncA-R (5ʹ-GCTTGCGGCGAGCGCTCCA-3ʹ), were designed by using the Web Primer website (http://seq.yeastgenome.org/cgi-bin/web-primer), and used for PCR amplification of the pncA gene with purified genomic DNA as a template. The PCR reaction mixture (25 μL) contained 12.5 μL of 2×Taq Master Mix (Beijing TIANGEN Biotech Co., Ltd., China), 0.5 μL of DNA template, and 0.5 μL of each primer pair at a concentration of 20 mM. The thermal cycling conditions were 5 min at 94°C for denaturation followed by 30 cycles of 94°C for 1 min for denaturation, 60°C for 1 min for annealing, and 72°C for 1 min for amplification; and a final extension of 10 min at 70°C. The amplified PCR products (719bp, genome sequences from 2289345 to 2288626) were verified by agarose gel electrophoresis and sent to Shanghai Invitrogen for sequencing using primers pncA-F and pncA-R. The sequencing results were analyzed and mutations in the pncA gene were identified by aligning them with the wild-type pncA gene (GeneID: 887497) of the reference strain H37Rv using the BLAST (bl2seq) program at the NCBI website (https://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi).

Data Analysis

The chi-square (χ2) test was used to evaluate the correlation between pncA gene mutations in clinical isolates of M. tuberculosis and resistance to each of the first-line anti-TB drugs as well as treatment history of TB patients. Differences with a P value less than 0.05 were determined to be statistically significant.

Results

Demographic Information About TB Patients

M. tuberculosis clinical isolates were collected consecutively from patients with active pulmonary TB at the hospital between October 2008 and September 2016. Among 318 TB patients, 196 (61.6%) were male and 122 (38.4%) were female; 187 (58.8%) were new cases and 131 (41.2%) were previously treated cases. Patients were divided into three age groups: <35 years (104, 32.7%), 35–55 years (104, 32.7%) and >55 years (110, 34.6%). The average age of patients was 49.3 years, the youngest patient was 13 years old and the oldest patient was 95 years old (Table 1).

Table 1.

Demographic Characteristics And Treatment History Of 318 TB Patients

Characteristics And Treatment History	MDR-TB (n=124)	MR/PDR-TB (n=58)	Pan-S-TB (n=136)	Total (n=318)
No. (%)	No. (%)	No. (%)	No. (%)
Gender
Male	75 (60.5%)	39 (67.2%)	82 (60.3%)	196 (61.6%)
Female	49 (39.5%)	19 (32.8%)	54 (39.7%)	122 (38.4%)
Age (years)
<35	37 (29.8%)	22 (37.9%)	45 (33.1%)	104 (32.7%)
35~55	58 (46.8%)	14 (24.2%)	32 (23.5%)	104 (32.7%)
>55	29 (42.8%)	22 (37.9%)	59 (43.4%)	110 (34.6%)
Average	42.8	45.8	56.7	49.3
Youngest	16	13	16	13
Oldest	83	83	95	95
Treatment history
New case	35 (28.2%)	43 (74.1%)	109 (80.1%)	187 (58.8%)
Previously treated	89 (71.8%)	15 (25.9%)	27 (19.9%)	131 (41.2%)

Abbreviations: MDR-TB, multidrug-resistant tuberculosis; MR/PDR-TB, monodrug-resistant/poly-drug resistant tuberculosis; Pan-S-TB, pan-susceptible tuberculosis.

Drug Susceptibility Testing Against First-Line Anti-TB Drugs

M. tuberculosis clinical isolates were analyzed for their drug susceptibility profiles against four first-line anti-TB drugs (RIF, INH, EMB, and SM). Among 318 collected clinical isolates, 129 (40.6%), 170 (53.5%), 66 (20.8%) and 109 (34.3%) were resistant to RIF, INH, EMB and SM respectively; 124 (39%) were identified as MDR-TB; 58 (18.2%) were mono-resistant/poly-drug resistant TB (MR/PDR-TB); and 136 clinical isolates (42.8%) were determined to be pan-susceptible to four first-line anti-TB drugs (Pan-S-TB) (Table 1). In addition, 35 out of 124 MDR-TB cases (28.2%), 43 out of 58 MR/PDR-TB cases (74.1%) and 109 out of 136 Pan-S-TB cases (80.1%) were new cases. Whereas, 89 out of 124 MDR-TB cases (71.8%), 15 out of 58 MR/PDR-TB cases (25.9%) and 27 out of 136 Pan-S-TB cases (19.9%) were previously treated cases (Table 1).

Detection Of pncA Mutations In M. tuberculosis Clinical Isolates

A total of 136 Pan-S-TB, 124 MDR-TB and 58 MR/PDR-TB isolates were used for DNA extraction and sequencing of the pncA gene (Table 1). Two primers, pncA-F and pncA-R, were designed to amplify a genomic DNA fragment covering the entire pncA gene plus extra 104 bp at the 5ʹ end and extra 54 bp at the 3ʹ end. Mutations in the pncA gene should not cause possible PCR negatives because both primers were located outside of the pncA coding region. The same primer set was also used for sequencing of the amplified PCR products (719bp). Analysis of sequencing results showed that 64 out of 318 clinical isolates (20.1%), including 58 MDR, three PDR and three Pan-S TB isolates had a mutation in the pncA gene (Table 2). Among 64 clinical isolates, 52 different types of pncA mutations were detected which included point mutations, insertions and deletions. The codon 131 was mutated most frequently (6 out of 64 isolates, five insertions and one point mutation Lys131Phe) followed by codon 76 with 4 isolates and codon 67 with three isolates (Table 2 and Figure 1).

Table 2.

pncA Gene Mutations Detected In 64 Clinical Isolates Of M. tuberculosis

Nucleotide Position	Codon Change	Amino Acid Change	Nucleotide Position	Codon Change	Amino Acid Change
11a	TTG4TCG	Leu4Ser	289	GGT97AGT	Gly97Ser
29	CAG10CCG	Gln10Pro	289a	GGT97CGT	Gly97Arg
35	GAC12GCC	Asp12Ala	304	GCG102ACG	Ala102Thr
50	Insertion of G	FSC 17 (ins)	309	TAC103TAG	Tyr103Stop
62	GTA21GCA	Val21Ala	314	Insertion of G	FSC 105 (ins)
63–73	Deletion of AA CCGGTGGCG	FSC 21–25 (del)	338	Insertion of G	FSC 113 (ins)
85	CGC29TGC	Arg29Cys	357	TGG119TGT	Trp119Cys
124	CAT42AAT	His42Asn	362a	CGG121CCG	Arg121Pro
136	Deletion of G	FSC 46 (del)	391b	Insertion of G	FSC 131 (ins)
137	GCA46GTA	Ala46Val	391a	Insertion of GG	FSC 131 (ins)
139a	ACC47GCC	Thr47Ala	391	GTC131TTC	Val131Phe
160	CCG54GCG	Pro54Ala	398	ATT133ACT	Ile133Thr
161	CCG54CAG	Pro54Gln	403	ACC135GCC	Thr135Ala
172	TTC58GTC	Phe58Val	407	GAT136GGT	Asp136Gly
184	CCG62TCG	Pro62Ser	416a	GTG139GCG	Val139Ala
185	CCG62CGC	Pro62Arg	416	GTG139GGG	Val139Gly
193	TCC65CCC	Ser65Pro	422	CAG141CGG	Gln141Arg
200a	TCG67TAG	Ser67Stop	423	CAG141CAC	Gln141His
200	TCG67TTG	Ser67Leu	425	ACG142ATG	Thr142Met
212	CAT71CGT	His71Arg	464	GTG155GAG	Val155Glu
226c	ACT76CCT	Thr76Pro	478	ACA160GCA	Thr160Ala
231	Insertion of G	FSC 77 (ins)	484	GGT162CGT	Gly162Arg
233	GGC78GAC	Gly78Asp	512	GCG171GAG	Ala171Glu
285	Deletion of TAC	FSC 95 (del)	524	ATG175AGG	Met175Arg
285	TAC95TAA	Tyr95Stop	539	GTC180GCC	Val180Ala
286	AAG96CAG	Lys96Gln	554	AGC185ATC	Ser185Ile

Notes: ^aTwo isolates with the same mutation; ^bThree isolates with the same mutation; ^cFour isolates with the same mutation.

Abbreviations: del, deletion; FSC, frame-shift codon; ins, insertion.

Figure 1.

Distribution, mutant type and frequency of 64 pncA mutations detected in this study. Numbers are amino acid positions in the pncA coding region and numbers in brackets represent the number of isolates with the same mutation. Red symbol, MDR-TB; blue symbol, PDR-TB; and green symbol, Pan-S-TB.

Prevalence Of pncA Mutations And Resistance To First-Line Anti-TB Drugs And Treatment History

Among 124 MDR-TB isolates, 58 (46.8%) harbored a mutation in the pncA gene, whereas, only three out of 136 Pan-S-TB isolates (2.2%) had a mutation in the pncA gene and the difference was statistically significant (p<0.01) (Table 3). The prevalence of pncA mutations in isolates resistant to four first-line anti-TB drugs was higher than that in drug-susceptible isolates and the differences were also statistically significant (p<0.01): 46.5% verse 2.1% for RIF, 34.1% verse 4.1% for INH, 42.4% verse 14% for EMB, and 40.4% verse 9.1% for SM (Table 3). When treatment history of TB patients was considered, the prevalence of pncA mutations in previously treated TB cases (36.2%) was much higher than that in the new cases of TB (9%) and the difference was statistically significant (p<0.01) (Table 3).

Table 3.

The Prevalence Of pncA Mutations In Drug-Resistant And Drug-Susceptible Isolates Of M. tuberculosis, And In Isolates From New And Previously Treated TB Cases

First-Line Drugs And Treatment History	No. Of Isolates Tested	Isolates With pncA Mutation
	No.	%
Rifampicin
Resistant	129	60	46.5
Susceptible	189	4	2.1
P value			p<0.01 χ2=94.0
Isoniazid
Resistant	170	58	34.1
Susceptible	148	6	4.1
P value			p<0.01 χ2=54.0
Ethambutol
Resistant	66	28	42.4
Susceptible	250	35	14.0
P value			p<0.01 χ2=26.4
Streptomycin
Resistant	109	44	40.4
Susceptible	208	19	9.1
P value			p<0.01 χ2=43.8
Multidrug-resistant TB	124	58	46.8
Pan-susceptible TB	136	3	2.2
P value			p<0.01 χ2=71.7
New case	188	17	9.0
Previously treated case	130	47	36.2
P value			p<0.01 χ2=35.14

Discussion

Pyrazinamide is one of the major anti-TB drugs used for both the first- and second-line regimens, which plays an important role in reducing the treatment duration for drug-susceptible and drug-resistant TB.¹ Drug susceptibility testing against PZA is not routinely performed, and mutations in the pncA gene or the pncA promoter region have been proved to be the main molecular mechanism causing PZA resistance in clinical isolates of M. tuberculosis.³ Therefore, detection of mutations in the pncA gene by DNA sequencing is the proposed reference method for rapid screening of PZA susceptibility.^5,6 Results from a large multicenter study assessing pncA sequence variations in 1,950 clinical isolates showed that 888 (45.5%) isolates harbored 280 mutations in the pncA gene.¹⁴

During the current study, M. tuberculosis clinical isolates were collected from 318 TB patients and the proportion of male to female patients was 61.6% to 38.4%, which was consistent with our previous study for male (62.8%) and female (37.2%) patients.¹⁵ However, the proportion of previously treated cases in this study (41.2%) was higher than that in our previous study (31%),¹⁵ probably because only in-patients were enrolled in this study. For the same reason, rates of MDR-TB in new (18.7%, 35/187) and previously treated TB cases (69.7%, 89/131) were higher than those in our previous studies¹⁵ and combined data from 53 Member States in the WHO European Region (15.7% of new and 45.3% of previously treated cases of TB were MDR-TB).¹⁶ Most patients from this study (65.4%) were 55 years of age or younger and the average age of patients was 49.3 years (Table 1).

Our PCR and sequencing results showed that the prevalence of pncA mutations in clinical isolates resistant to each of the four first-line anti-TB drugs (RIF, INH, EMB and SM), MDR-TB and previously treated TB cases were significantly higher than those in drug-susceptible isolates and new cases of TB (Table 3). The prevalence of pncA mutations in MDR-TB isolates (46.8%) collected from Zunyi, Guizhou Province, is lower than that in MDR-TB isolates collected from the neighboring Chongqing Province (57.9%, 77/133),¹⁷ but higher than those in MDR-TB isolates collected from Yunnan Province (21.4%, 6/28)¹² and Zhejiang Province (35.4%, 97/274)¹⁸ of China, supporting the suggestion that pncA mutations may differ from one geographic region to another based on studies from different regions.¹⁷

To compare the prevalence of pncA mutations in MDR/RR, new, previously treated and total cases of TB in different settings around the world, we listed in Table 4 the published data from 32 countries in six WHO regions (Africa, Americas, Eastern Mediterranean, Europe, South-East Asia and Western Pacific). It was obvious that the prevalence of pncA mutations in M. tuberculosis isolates from different countries and different regions were quite different, consistent with the observation that levels of PZA resistance varied substantially among different settings.⁷ For example, the prevalence of pncA mutations in MDR/RR (85%) and total cases of TB (57.9%) from George¹¹ was much higher than that in MDR/RR cases from Turkey (25%)²⁸ and in total cases of TB from Azerbaijan (12.6%),⁷ even though these three countries were located in the same European region (Table 4). The prevalence of pncA mutations among MDR-TB cases from 32 different countries in six WHO regions varied widely ranging from 21.4% in Yunnan Province of China¹² and 39.5% in Pakistan⁷ to 81.3% in Belarus⁷ and 87.8% in Republic of Korea.³⁸ In addition, the prevalence of pncA mutations among previously treated TB cases from six WHO regions also varied extensively ranging from 4.7% in South Africa,⁷ 8.9% in Pakistan⁷ and 13.8% in Bangladesh⁷ to 36.2% in Zunyi, China, 66.7% in Rwanda¹⁰ and 70.8% in George.¹¹

Table 4.

The Prevalence Of pncA Mutations In M. tuberculosis Isolates From Six Different WHO Regions And 32 Countries Of The World

Prevalence Of pncA Gene Mutations, % (Number Of TB Isolates Tested)
WHO Regions	MDR/RR Cases	New Cases	PT Cases	Total Cases
Africa
Burundi9	65.7% (35)	N/A	N/A	N/A
Sub-Sahara Africa (12 countries)10	54.3% (573)	63.9% (72)	49.0% (453)	51.0% (525)
Cameroon10	49.6% (133)	55.6% (9)	50% (116)	50.4% (125)
CAR10	28.6% (35)	N/A	23.3% (30)	N/A
DRC10	73.7% (95)	75% (16)	68.7% (67)	69.9% (83)
Niger10	39.6% (48)	N/A	39.1% (46)	N/A
Rwanda10	67.3% (101)	69.0% (42)	66.7% (36)	67.9% (78)
Senegal10	33.3% (39)	N/A	31.4% (35)	N/A
South Africa7	39.1% (39)	2.8% (648)	4.7% (145)	3.1% (877)
Americas
Brazil19	N/A	N/A	N/A	20.6% (97)
Canada20	88.5% (26)	N/A	N/A	37.6% (141)
Mexico21	N/A	N/A	N/A	26.7% (127)
Peru22	N/A	N/A	N/A	30.9% (68)
Eastern Mediterranean
Iran23	N/A	N/A	N/A	27.3% (33)
Pakistan7	39.5% (103)	2.1% (1,299)	8.9% (201)	3.0% (1,500)
Europe
Azerbaijan7	59.9% (129)	10.2% (530)	17.9% (218)	12.6% (748)
Belarus7	81.3% (98)	30.0% (144)	69.9% (57)	42.1% (201)
Georgia11	85.0% (40)	48.5% (33)	70.8% (24)	57.9% (57)
Germany24	59.8% (82)	N/A	N/A	N/A
Kazakhstan25	75% (48)	N/A	N/A	49.4% (77)
Russia26	N/A	N/A	N/A	56.8% (44)
Sweden27	N/A	N/A	N/A	45.1% (71)
Turkey28	25% (12)	N/A	N/A	N/A
Ukraine29	73.6% (91)	N/A	N/A	N/A
South-East Asia
Bangladesh7	36.7% (63)	2.6% (751)	13.8% (203)	5.1% (955)
India30	N/A	N/A	N/A	78.0% (50)
Indonesia31	N/A	N/A	N/A	5.6% (322)
Myanmar32	60.0% (66)	N/A	N/A	N/A
Thailand33	47% (100)	N/A	N/A	32.7% (150)
Western Pacific
China
Beijing34	50% (142)	N/A	N/A	N/A
Chongqing17	57.9% (133)	N/A	N/A	57.9% (133)
Jiangsu35	N/A	N/A	N/A	15.0% (254)
Shanghai36	N/A	N/A	N/A	41.0% (432)
Sichuan35	N/A	N/A	N/A	15.2% (408)
Southern China35	31.0% (129)	N/A	N/A	15.5% (878)
Yunnan12	21.4% (28)	N/A	N/A	11.1% (54)
Zhejiang	35.4% (274)18	N/A	N/A	16.7% (216)35
Zunyi	46.8% (124)	9.0% (188)	36.2% (130)	20.1% (318)
Japan37	66.7% (36)	N/A	N/A	N/A
Korea38	87.7% (122)	N/A	N/A	N/A
Viet Nam39	72.4% (123)	N/A	N/A	38.1% (260)

Abbreviations: CAR, Central African Republic; DRC, Democratic Republic of Congo; MDR/RR-TB, multidrug-resistant/rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis; N/A, not available; PT, previously treated; WHO, World Health Organization.

Sequencing results also showed that 52 different types of pncA mutations were detected from 64 clinical isolates of M. tuberculosis, mostly from MDR-TB isolates, but three from PDR-TB and three from Pan-S-TB isolates (Figure 1). The distribution, type, and frequency of 64 pncA mutations detected in this study were revealed in Figure 1. Five mutations were new and deposited in GenBank with accession numbers KR534845 (Ser67Stop), KR534846 (Tyr95del), KR534847 (Ser67Leu), KR534848 (Gly105FSC), and KR534849 (Gly113FSC). Based on a multicenter study, Miotto et al divided 280 genetic variants in pncA into four classes (i, ii, iii and iv), and class (i) mutations were very high confidence resistance ones that were found only in PZA-resistant strains.¹⁴ Among 52 mutation types (Table 2), 19 belonged in class (i), 2 belonged in class (ii) and 3 belonged in class (iii). Through comparison with the data published by the CRyPTIC consortium on whole-genome analyses of 10,209 isolates,⁴⁰ we found that 25 mutations detected in MDR/PDR-TB isolates and two of three mutations detected in Pan-S isolates (R29C and H42D) fell in the “R” category, and one MDR (S65P) and one Pan-S isolates (Q141H) fell in the “S” category.

It was previously found in a systematic review of mutations reported in 61 studies that 79% of 2,760 PZA-resistant and 9% of 3,329 PZA-susceptible isolates had a mutation in the pncA gene,³ suggesting that M. tuberculosis clinical isolates with a mutation in the pncA gene be more likely resistant to PZA than those without a pncA mutation. The comparison results also indicated the existence of geographical diversity of prevalence of pncA mutations among M. tuberculosis clinical isolates depending on where they were collected. Therefore, we should consider geographical diversity as an important factor when we select screening of pncA mutations as a simple method for quick diagnosis of PZA resistance in M. tuberculosis isolates, and decide whether PZA should be included in the optimized treatment regimens for TB patients, particularly those from countries with high prevalence of pncA mutations in MDR/RR and previously treated TB cases.

Limitations of this study included that we only collected smear-positive specimens to make sure the sputum specimens to be positive of bacteria at the time of collection and to grow enough bacteria for DST and DNA extraction. If we had also collected smear-negative specimens for this study, the overall prevalence of pncA mutations would have been lower but should not affect the conclusion of this study. Another limitation was that culture-based phenotypic testing for PZA was not performed on clinical isolates of M. tuberculosis due to its technical difficulties.

Conclusion

Results from this study show that high prevalence of pncA mutations in clinical isolates of M. tuberculosis from Zunyi, Guizhou Province of China, are correlated with resistance to each of the four first-line anti-TB drugs, MDR-TB and previously treated TB cases.

Author Contributions

ZC, YL, MX and ZP carried out the experiments. All authors contributed to data analysis, drafting and revising the manuscript, agreed to be accountable for all aspects of the work, and approved the final version of the manuscript.

Disclosure

HZ is employed by and has shares in Z-BioMed, Inc., which is involved in infectious disease research. The authors report no other conflicts of interest in this work.