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Schematic demonstration of the 3D surface pattern synthesis using template-defined site-specific electrochemical deposition. a) the MCC template; b) evaporation of gold fi lm onto the MCC template; c) template-defined site-specific electrochemical growth; d) creation of semishell array by dissolving PSs; e) microcup array generated after inversion, transfer, and removing PSs; f) bow-tie antenna structure formed on the substrate.
