(A) Upper, immunoblots showing LV DDT, MIF, and GAPDH expression in mice 7 weeks after sham or transverse aortic constriction (TAC) surgery before the onset of heart failure. Lower, quantification of cardiac DDT and MIF protein contents relative to GAPDH. Data are shown as mean ± SEM; n = 3 mice for sham group; n = 4 mice for TAC group. *P < 0.05 compared with sham group. (B) Upper, immunoblots showing myocardial DDT, MIF, and GAPDH expression in mice 12–16 weeks after sham or TAC surgery following the onset of heart failure (all TAC mice had LV ejection fraction < 40%). Lower, quantification of cardiac DDT and MIF protein contents relative to GAPDH. Data are shown as mean ± SEM; n = 9 mice for sham group; n = 8 mice for TAC group. Significance determined by 2-tailed Student’s t test. **P < 0.01 compared with sham group.