Fig. 4.

Mutational profiles of 38 AMP-resistant lines. a The figure shows cellular complexes and pathways mutated independently in multiple lines as a function of AMPs used during laboratory evolution. The color code indicates the number of individual mutations affecting a given cellular subsystem in lines evolved to a given AMP. OM outer membrane, PL phospholipid, LPS lipopolysaccharide, Δ gene deletion. b Heatmap shows mutation profile similarity of AMP-resistant lines. Mutation profile similarity between each pair of AMP-resistant lines was estimated by the Jaccard’s coefficient between their set of mutated genes. Large deletions were counted as one gene. AMP-resistant lines are named after the AMP it has been exposed to during the evolutionary experiment, and the serial number of the corresponding population. For AMP abbreviations, see Supplementary Table 1