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. 2019 Oct 4;9:14299. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-50528-y

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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The two major NF-κB pathways (classical and the alternative). The activation of the classical pathway mainly leads to the formation of an active heterodimer of p50:RelA, which modifies multiple gene expression by binding to κB binding sites. The alternative pathway regulates gene expression through the binding of the central complex p52:RelB. Many other heterodimers and homodimers of p50 and p52 are formed increasing further the complexity of the NF-κB system. Abbreviations: TLR; Toll-like receptors, TNFR; Tumor necrosis factor receptor, NEMO; NF-kappa-B essential modulator, IκB; nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, BAFFR; tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 13 C, CD40; CD40 molecule, TNF receptor superfamily member 5, LTβR; Lymphotoxin Beta Receptor (TNFR Superfamily, Member 3), RANK; Receptor Activator Of Nuclear Factor-Kappa B, NIK; NF-Kappa-Beta-Inducing Kinase, IKKα; IκB Kinase α, IKKb; IκB Kinase b, p100; nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p100 subunit, p52; nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p52 subunit, RelB; Transcription factor RelB, Bcl3; B-Cell CLL/Lymphoma 3.