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. 2019 Oct 4;10:4529. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-12420-1

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Versatile 3D bioengineered brain tumor tissue model. Multi-level interrogation into the role of extracellular matrix and microenvironment on tumor growth. Middle panel—Tumor cells seeded as single cells post dissociation from the excised tumor, migrate as single cells towards the central hydrogel window or revert back to sphere-like morphology within the scaffold depending on original tumor characteristics. Left panel—Introduction of suitable ECM and soluble cues to maintain tumor characteristics and drug screening. Right panel—Multiscale interrogation of the culture system via transcriptomic and genomic profiling, and live metabolic imaging. Co-culture of tumor cells with healthy differentiated human neural stem cells (hNSCs)