Table 4.

Lupus erythematosus tumidus treatment options

General measures

UV protection (clothing, sunscreens)

Smoking cessation

Vitamin D supplementation (in case of vitamin D deficiency following UV protection)

Topical treatments

First line

Topical corticosteroids

Second line

Topical calcineurin inhibitors (pimecrolimus 1% cream, tacrolimus 0,1% ointment)

Systemic Treatments

First line

Antimalarials (hydroxychloroquine, chloroquine, mepacrine/quinacrine)

Systemic steroids

Second line (preferable in combination with antimalarials)

Other immunosuppressive/inmmunomodulating agents (dapson, methotrexate, mycophenolate mofetil)