(A) NH listeners show a leftward asymmetry in PAC responses compared to HL listeners (B), who show stronger activation in right PAC. Noise weakens the cortical ERPs to speech across the board, particularly in the timeframe of P1 and N1, reflecting the initial registration of sound in PAC. In contrast to cortical responses, BS FFRs are remarkably similar between groups and noise conditions. Shaded regions demarcate the 100 ms speech stimulus. BS, brainstem; PAC, primary auditory cortex.