Figure 1. Neurons and other membranous process-containing cells.

(A) Neurons are the best-known of the membranous process-containing cells – but are also the most complex. Adapted from [88]. (B) Many different types of cells – including those within the nervous, cardiovascular, immune, and musculoskeletal systems – send out membranous extensions/processes. Many of these other process-containing cells are much simpler than neurons. The mechanisms of this process extension and the means to control it, so as to stimulate re-extension of neuronal processes or inhibit the extensions of metastasizing cancer cells, for example, are poorly understood. Adapted from [89–103].