Table 1:
Clinical and biochemical characteristics of women who delivered macrosomia or large for gestational age infants
| Variables | Excessive weight gain | Macrosomia | Large for gestational age | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes | No | P | Yes | No | P | Yes | No | P | |||
| n | 138 | 699 | 127 | 796 | 150 | 773 | |||||
| Age, year | 29.3(3.0) | 29.8(3.1) | 0.073 | 29.2(2.7) | 29.8(3.2) | 0.035 | 29.7(3.3) | 29.8(3.1) | 0.932 | ||
| Smoker | 10(7.2%) | 29(4.1%) | 0.115 | 15(11.8%) | 28(3.5%) | <0.001 | 17(11.3%) | 26(3.4%) | <0.001 | ||
| Drinker | 40(9.0%) | 204(292) | 0.962 | 46(36.2%) | 229(28.8%) | 0.088 | 57(38.0%) | 218(28.2%) | 0.016 | ||
| Han-ethnicity | 132(95.7%) | 681(97.4%) | 0.389 | 124(97.6%) | 774(97.2%) | 1 | 146(97.3%) | 752(97.3%) | 1 | ||
| Height, cm | 163.9(4.7) | 162.4(4.8) | 0.001 | 164(4.9) | 162(4.8) | <0.001 | 164(5.0) | 162(4.7) | <0.001 | ||
| Weight, kg | 59.7(8.5) | 61.3(10.8) | 0.057 | 65.3(11.6) | 60.5(10.5) | <0.001 | 64.8(11.6) | 60.4(10.6) | <0.001 | ||
| Pre-pregnancy BMI, kg/m2 | 22.2(2.8) | 23.2(3.8) | 0.001 | 24.1(3.8) | 22.9(3.7) | 0.001 | 23.9(3.8) | 22.9(3.7) | 0.004 | ||
| BMI ≥24 to <28 | 27(19.6%) | 170(24.3%) | 0.001 | 39(30.7%) | 176(22.1%) | 0.006 | 42(28.0%) | 173(22.4%) | 0.021 | ||
| BMI ≥28 | 4(2.9%) | 76(10.9%) | 17(13.4%) | 75(9.4%) | 21(14.0%) | 71(9.2%) | |||||
| Gestational age at 1st visit, weeks | 10.8(2.2) | 10.7(2.3) | 0.573 | 10.8(2.4) | 10.7(2.2) | 0.608 | 10.9(2.4) | 10.7(2.2) | 0.305 | ||
| Gestational age at OGTT, weeks | 26.6 | 26.1 | 0.022 | 26 | 26.3 | 0.062 | 26.1 | 26.3 | 0.168 | ||
| (25.9–27.3) | (25.6–27.4) | (25.3–27.1) | (25.6–27.3) | (25.4–27.0) | (25.6–27.3) | ||||||
| GCT, mmol/L | 8.9 | 9.0 | 0.073 | 9.1 | 9.0 | 0.19 | 9.1 | 8.9 | 0.219 | ||
| (8.3–9.5) | (8.4–9.9) | (8.4–10.1) | (8.4–9.8) | (8.4–10.1) | (8.4–9.8) | ||||||
| Fasting PG, mmol/L | 5.2(0.5) | 5.0(0.5) | 0.007 | 5.1(0.6) | 5.1(0.5) | 0.238 | 5.1(0.6) | 5.1(0.5) | 0.063 | ||
| 1-h PG, mmol/L | 9.9(1.5) | 10.1(1.3) | 0.064 | 10.2(1.3) | 10.1(1.4) | 0.429 | 10.2(1.3) | 10.1(1.4) | 0.257 | ||
| 2-h PG, mmol/L | 8.1(1.3) | 8.4(1.3) | 0.011 | 8.4(1.4) | 8.4(1.3) | 0.705 | 8.4(1.3) | 8.4(1.3) | 0.868 | ||
| Fasting insulin, mIU/L | 11.7 (8.0–16.4) | 9.4 (5.9–13.6) | <0.001 | 10.5 (6.7–15.3) | 9.6 (6.1–13.6) | 0.121 | 10.7 (6.8–15.0) | 9.6 (6.0–13.7) | 0.099 | ||
| 2-h insulin, mU/L | 89.7 (57.3–134.8) | 87.9 (55.1–131.0) | 0.588 | 84.3 (55.0–128.3) | 89.3 (56.2–133.1) | 0.342 | 84.3 (56.1–125.7) | 89.5 (55.7–133.7) | 0.207 | ||
| HOMA-IR,m U/L*mmol/l | 2.7 (1.7–3.6) | 2.0 (1.3–3.1) | <0.001 | 2.4 (1.4–3.6) | 2.2 (1.3–3.2) | 0.109 | 2.5 (1.4–3.5) | 2.1 (1.3–3.2) | 0.073 | ||
| HOMA-B,m U/L*(mmol/l) −1 | 148.7 (92.9–211.2) | 127.9 (85.1–185.4) | 0.022 | 137.8 (94.7–207.1) | 129.5 (86.4–188.8) | 0.263 | 135.7 (93.0–196.8) | 129.8 (86.5–190.0) | 0.448 | ||
| Gestational weight gain, kg | 25.8(4.4) | 13.9(5.2) | <0.001 | 19.0(6.9) | 15.3(6.6) | <0.001 | 18.8(7.4) | 15.3(6.5) | <0.001 | ||
| Parity | 0.178 | 0.447 | 0.884 | ||||||||
| 0 | 135(97.8%) | 666(95.3%) | 123(96.9%) | 759(95.4%) | 143(95.3%) | 739(95.6%) | |||||
| ≥1 | 3(2.2%) | 33(4.7%) | 4(3.1%) | 37(4.6%) | 7(4.7%) | 34(4.4%) | |||||
| Gestational week at delivery, week | 39.4(1.4) | 39.3(1.6) | 0.537 | 40.0(1.2) | 39.1(1.8) | <0.001 | 39.3(1.6) | 39.2(1.8) | 0.386 | ||
| Infant male gender | 67(48.6%) | 314(44.9%) | 0.434 | 48(37.8%) | 367(46.1%) | 0.08 | 68(45.3%) | 347(44.9%) | 0.92 | ||
| Birth weight, g | 3595(576.6) | 3408(511.4) | <0.001 | 4252(261) | 3295(467) | <0.001 | 4136(382) | 3289(470) | <0.001 | ||
| Infant stature, cm | 50.5(1.9) | 50.2(1.8) | 0.071 | 52.1(1.3) | 49.9(1.8) | <0.001 | 51.6(1.5) | 49.9(1.8) | <0.001 | ||
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; GCT, glucose challenge test; HbA1c, haemoglobin A1c; OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test; PG, plasma glucose; IR, insulin resistance; B, beta cell function
†
P values were derived from Chi-square Test, Fisher’s Exact Test, or Student T Test unless specified
‡
Data were reported as median (interquartile range) and P values were derived from Wilcoxon Two-Sample Test.