Table 2:
Odds ratio of insulin resistance and beta cell function for macrosomia and large for gestational age among Chinese women with gestational diabetes mellitus
| Excessive weight gain† | Macrosomia | LGA | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95%CI) | P§ | OR (95%CI) | P§ | OR(95%CI) | P§ | |||
| HOMA insulin resistance (IR) | ||||||||
| Model 1 | ||||||||
| IR per SD | 1.72(1.32–2.23) | <0.001 | 1.32(1.02–1.70) | 0.037 | 1.33(1.05–1.68) | 0.020 | ||
| IR in tertiles | <0.001 | 0.026 | 0.007 | |||||
| Bottom | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||||
| Middle | 2.75(1.49–5.07) | 1.27(0.70–2.30) | 1.48(0.86–2.54) | |||||
| Upper | 4.57(2.07–10.08) | 2.46(1.15–5.30) | 2.70(1.34–5.46) | |||||
| Model 2 | ||||||||
| IR per SD | 1.69(1.29–2.21) | <0.001 | 1.35(1.04–1.75) | 0.026 | 1.34(1.05–1.71) | 0.018 | ||
| IR in tertiles | 0.001 | 0.019 | 0.006 | |||||
| Bottom | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||||
| Middle | 2.67(1.45–4.95) | 1.32(0.72–2.40) | 1.49(0.87–2.57) | |||||
| Upper | 4.32(1.95–9.62) | 2.61(1.20–5.69) | 2.75(1.35–5.62) | |||||
| HOMA beta cell function (B) | ||||||||
| Model 1 | ||||||||
| B per SD | 0.95(0.73–1.23) | 0.703 | 1.20(0.97–1.48) | 0.091 | 1.14(0.94–1.38) | 0.178 | ||
| B in tertiles | 0.778 | 0.315 | 0.541 | |||||
| Bottom | 1.16(0.59–2.31) | 0.70(0.34–1.44) | 0.83(0.43–1.58) | |||||
| Middle | 0.76(0.46–1.26) | 0.67(0.39–1.15) | 0.79 (0.49–1.27) | |||||
| Upper | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||||
| Model 2 | ||||||||
| B per SD | 0.95(0.73–1.24) | 0.691 | 1.19(0.97–1.47) | 0.102 | 1.13(0.93–1.36) | 0.214 | ||
| B in tertiles | 0.739 | 0.301 | 0.539 | |||||
| Bottom | 1.19(0.60–2.37) | 0.69(0.34–1.43) | 0.82(0.43–1.58) | |||||
| Middle | 0.76(0.45–1.26) | 0.68(0.40–1.16) | 0.80(0.49–1.29) | |||||
| Upper | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||||
Abbreviations: OR, odds ratio; CI: confidence interval; HOMA: homeostasis model assessment; IR: HOMA insulin resistance; B: HOMA beta cell function.
Macrosomia was defined as birth weight >=4000 gram; Large for gestational age (LGA) was defined as birth weight greater than the gestational week and gender specific 90th percentile on the standard growth chart in Tianjin local reference.
Model 1: adjusted for age, pre-pregnancy BMI, 2-h PG, 2-h insulin, gestational age at OGTT, gestational age at delivery (only for macrosomia and excessive gestational weight gain), gender (only for macrosomia and excessive gestational weight gain), family history of diabetes, drinking and smoking
Model 2: adjusted variables in model 1 and for shared care status and unintentional intervention.
Excessive weight gain was >=85th percentile in gestational weight gain (22.0 kg)
P values for trend.