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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Dec 1.
Published in final edited form as: Prim Care Diabetes. 2018 Aug 13;12(6):565–573. doi: 10.1016/j.pcd.2018.07.010

Table 3:

Subgroup analysis of odds ratio of HOMA insulin resistance for macrosomia and large for gestational age by pre-pregnancy overweight or obesity (BMI ≥24kg/m2)

Excessive weight gain Macrosomia Large for gestational age
OR (95%CI) P§ OR (95%CI) P§ OR(95%CI) P§
Among women with pre-pregnancy overweight or obesity*
Model 1
IR per SD 1.66(1.02–2.72) 0.043 1.11(0.75–1.63) 0.611 1.17(0.82–1.67) 0.392
IR in tertiles 0.266 0.474 0.357
 Bottom Reference Reference Reference
 Middle 2.48(0.54–11.53) 0.65(0.21–2.04) 0.76(0.26–2.19)
 Upper 3.99(0.63–25.19) 1.29(0.34–4.85) 1.23(0.36–4.22)
Model 2
IR, per SD 1.70(1.02–2.82) 0.041 1.15(0.77–1.72) 0.486 1.20(0.83–1.74) 0.335
IR in tertiles 0.215 0.406 0.319
 Bottom Reference Reference Reference
 Middle 2.71(0.58–12.57) 0.66(0.21–2.11) 0.76(0.26–2.23)
 Upper 4.55(0.71–29.09) 1.36(0.35–5.29) 1.29(0.37–4.48)
Among women with normal pre-pregnancy weight*
Model 1
IR per SD 1.82(1.31–2.52) <0.001 1.43(1.00–2.05) 0.050 1.39(1.00–1.93) 0.047
IR in tertiles 0.001 0.028 0.012
 Bottom Reference Reference Reference
 Middle 2.61(1.34–5.10) 1.59(0.78–3.24) 1.69(0.89–3.20)
 Upper 4.65(1.91–11.30) 3.13(1.17–8.35) 3.27(1.35–7.92)
Model 2
IR per SD 1.76(1.27–2.46) 0.001 1.45(1.01–2.08) 0.046 1.39(1.00–1.93) 0.053
IR in tertiles 0.002 0.021 0.011
 Bottom Reference Reference Reference
 Middle 2.53(1.29–4.97) 1.68(0.82–3.45) 1.72(0.90–3.27)
 Upper 4.32(1.75–10.63) 3.33(1.22–9.08) 3.36(1.37–8.26)

Abbreviations: OR, odds ratio; CI: confidence interval; HOMA: homeostasis model assessment; IR: HOMA insulin resistance.

Model 1: adjusted for age, pre-pregnancy body mass, 2-h PG, 2-h insulin; gestational age at OGTT, gestational age at delivery and baby gender (for macrosomia and excessive gestational weight gain), family history of diabetes, smoking and drinking

Model 2: adjusted for variables in Model 1 and for shared care status and unintentional intervention

Excessive weight gain was >=85th percentile in gestational weight gain (22.0 kg)

§

P values for trend.