Table 3:
Subgroup analysis of odds ratio of HOMA insulin resistance for macrosomia and large for gestational age by pre-pregnancy overweight or obesity (BMI ≥24kg/m2)
| Excessive weight gain† | Macrosomia | Large for gestational age | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95%CI) | P§ | OR (95%CI) | P§ | OR(95%CI) | P§ | |||
| Among women with pre-pregnancy overweight or obesity* | ||||||||
| Model 1 | ||||||||
| IR per SD | 1.66(1.02–2.72) | 0.043 | 1.11(0.75–1.63) | 0.611 | 1.17(0.82–1.67) | 0.392 | ||
| IR in tertiles | 0.266 | 0.474 | 0.357 | |||||
| Bottom | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||||
| Middle | 2.48(0.54–11.53) | 0.65(0.21–2.04) | 0.76(0.26–2.19) | |||||
| Upper | 3.99(0.63–25.19) | 1.29(0.34–4.85) | 1.23(0.36–4.22) | |||||
| Model 2 | ||||||||
| IR, per SD | 1.70(1.02–2.82) | 0.041 | 1.15(0.77–1.72) | 0.486 | 1.20(0.83–1.74) | 0.335 | ||
| IR in tertiles | 0.215 | 0.406 | 0.319 | |||||
| Bottom | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||||
| Middle | 2.71(0.58–12.57) | 0.66(0.21–2.11) | 0.76(0.26–2.23) | |||||
| Upper | 4.55(0.71–29.09) | 1.36(0.35–5.29) | 1.29(0.37–4.48) | |||||
| Among women with normal pre-pregnancy weight* | ||||||||
| Model 1 | ||||||||
| IR per SD | 1.82(1.31–2.52) | <0.001 | 1.43(1.00–2.05) | 0.050 | 1.39(1.00–1.93) | 0.047 | ||
| IR in tertiles | 0.001 | 0.028 | 0.012 | |||||
| Bottom | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||||
| Middle | 2.61(1.34–5.10) | 1.59(0.78–3.24) | 1.69(0.89–3.20) | |||||
| Upper | 4.65(1.91–11.30) | 3.13(1.17–8.35) | 3.27(1.35–7.92) | |||||
| Model 2 | ||||||||
| IR per SD | 1.76(1.27–2.46) | 0.001 | 1.45(1.01–2.08) | 0.046 | 1.39(1.00–1.93) | 0.053 | ||
| IR in tertiles | 0.002 | 0.021 | 0.011 | |||||
| Bottom | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||||
| Middle | 2.53(1.29–4.97) | 1.68(0.82–3.45) | 1.72(0.90–3.27) | |||||
| Upper | 4.32(1.75–10.63) | 3.33(1.22–9.08) | 3.36(1.37–8.26) | |||||
Abbreviations: OR, odds ratio; CI: confidence interval; HOMA: homeostasis model assessment; IR: HOMA insulin resistance.
Model 1: adjusted for age, pre-pregnancy body mass, 2-h PG, 2-h insulin; gestational age at OGTT, gestational age at delivery and baby gender (for macrosomia and excessive gestational weight gain), family history of diabetes, smoking and drinking
Model 2: adjusted for variables in Model 1 and for shared care status and unintentional intervention
†
Excessive weight gain was >=85th percentile in gestational weight gain (22.0 kg)
§
P values for trend.