Appendix Table 1:

Subgroup analysis of odds ratio of HOMA insulin resistance for macrosomia and large for gestational age by lifestyle intervention

	Excessive weight gain†			Macrosomia			Large for gestational age
	OR (95%CI)	P§		OR (95%CI)	P§		OR(95%CI)	P§
Usual care
Model 1
IR per SD	2.30(1.50–3.54)	<0.001		1.19(0.83–1.17)	0.342		1.23(0.89–1.70)	0.212
IR in tertiles		0.008			0.216			0.102
Bottom	Reference			Reference			Reference
Middle	3.20(1.35–7.58)			1.17(0.54–2.52)			1.50(0.75–3.02)
Upper	4.88(1.54–14.45)			1.95(0.70–5.43)			2.17(0.86–5.49)
Model 2
IR, per SD	2.28(1.47–3.52)	<0.001		1.25(0.86–1.81)	0.235		1.25(0.90–174)	0.183
IR in tertiles		0.011			0.142			0.084
Bottom	Reference			Reference			Reference
Middle	3.15(1.33–7.46)			1.22(0.56–2.63)			1.54(0.76–3.10)
Upper	4.62(1.45–14.75)			2.26(0.79–6.45)			2.30(0.89–5.89)
Shared care
Model 1
IR per SD	1.37(0.94–1.98)	0.101		1.66(1.13–2.46)	0.011		1.44(0.99–2.10)	0.056
IR in tertiles		0.007			0.008			0.030
Bottom	Reference			Reference			Reference
Middle	2.68(1.13–6.41)			2.09(0.77–5.67)			1.48(0.63–3.52)
Upper	4.81(1.61–14.40)			5.53(1.63–18.85)			3.42(1.17–10.02)
Model 2
IR per SD	1.34(0.92–1.96)	0.127		1.64(1.11–2.44)	0.014		1.43(0.98–2.09)	0.063
IR in tertiles		0.011			0.012			0.038
Bottom	Reference			Reference			Reference
Middle	2.58(1.07–6.21)			1.99(0.73–5.45)			1.44(0.60–3.44)
Upper	4.52(1.49–13.76)			5.14(1.48–17.77)			3.27(1.10–9.69)

Model 1: adjusted for age, smoking and drinking, 2-h PG, 2-h insulin; gestational age at OGTT, gestational age at delivery and baby gender (for macrosomia and excessive gestational weight gain), family history of diabetes; Model 2: adjusted for variables in Model 1 and for unintentional intervention

^†Excessive weight gain was ≥85^th percentile in gestational weight gain (22.0 kg)

^§P values for trend