Table 4.
Characteristics of antibody-positive and antibody-negative participants
| Antibody positive (n = 6239) | Antibody negative (n = 485) | P-value* | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age at diagnosis (years) | 7.8 ± 3.9 | 7.7 ± 4.2 | 0.770 |
| Males (%) | 3187 (51) | 283 (58) | 0.002 |
| Race–ethnicity† | 0.510 | ||
| White non-Hispanic | 4628 (74%) | 347 (72%) | |
| Black non-Hispanic | 396 (6%) | 35 (7%) | |
| Hispanic–Latino | 784 (13%) | 66 (14%) | |
| Asian | 101 (2%) | 12 (2%) | |
| Other | 300 (5%) | 24 (5%) | |
| Family history (first-degree relative) of T1D‡ | 741 (12%) | 66 (14%) | 0.250 |
| BMI percentile at diagnosis§ | 47 (15, 83) | 39 (12, 79) | 0.130 |
| No. normal/underweight (%) | 2586 (77) | 218 (78) | |
| No. overweight (%) | 373 (11) | 25 (9) | |
| No. obese (%) | 396 (12) | 35 (13) | |
| Current BMI percentile§ | 77 (57, 91) | 77 (54, 90) | 0.320 |
| No. normal/underweight (%) | 2755 (63) | 229 (65) | |
| No. overweight (%) | 974 (22) | 71 (20) | |
| No. obese (%) | 666 (15) | 51 (15) | |
| DKA at diagnosis** | 2029 (35%) | 151 (33%) | 0.360 |
| Current HbA1c†† (%) | 8.4 ± 1.5 | 8.4 ± 1.5 | 0.810 |
| Current total daily insulin dose‡‡ (units/kg per day) | 0.83 ± 0.38 | 0.77 ± 0.35 | 0.003 |
Unless indicated otherwise, data are given as either the mean ± SD or the number of subjects in each group, with percentages in parentheses.
P-values were calculated for categorical variables using a Chi-squared test and for continuous variables using either a t-test (when mean values are shown) or Wilcoxon’s rank test (when median values are shown).
Race/ethnicity data were unavailable for 31 participants.
Family history data of type 1 diabetes (T1D) were unavailable for 224 participants.
Current body mass index (BMI) and BMI at diagnosis are given as the median, with 25th and 75th percentiles in parentheses. Data for BMI at diagnosis were unavailable for 3091 participants. Current BMI data exclude results for 1942 participants with a duration of diabetes <1 year (n = 1810 in the antibody-positive group and 132 in the antibody-negative group) and was unavailable in a further 36 participants. The results for current BMI were similar in both groups when the analysis included those with diabetes of <1 year duration.
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) data at diagnosis were unavailable for 539 participants.
Current HbA1c data exclude results for 1942 individuals with diabetes of <1 year duration and was unavailable for a further 73 participants.
Current total daily insulin dose data exclude results for 1942 individuals with diabetes of <1 year duration and was unavailable for a further 268 participants.