Table 2.

Structural and psychosocial risk factors by group membership in the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL) Sociocultural Ancillary Study (SCAS) (N = 5,247)^a

	No diabetesb/ low depression symptomsc (n = 2,946)	Diabetes/low depression symptoms (n = 683)	No diabetes/ high depression symptoms (n = 1,182)	Diabetes/ high depression symptoms (n = 436)	Omnibus ANOVA/ General Linear Model (p-value)
Socioeconomic risk factors	Weighted % (95% CI)
Household income <$30,000/year	63.3 (59.6, 66.8)d	71.1 (65.4, 76.2)d,e	82.7 (79.1, 85.9)e	89.9 (85.7, 92.9)e	p < .01
Education <high school/GED	26.6 (23.6, 30.0)d	42.7 (37.2, 48.4)e	39.3 (35.3, 43.5)d,e	46.3 (40.0, 52.7)e	p < .01
Psychosocial risk factors	M (SE)
Lifetime trauma history (TSS)	2.0 (0.05)d	1.9 (0.09)d	2.5 (0.10)e	2.2 (0.13)e	p < .01
Adverse childhood experiences (ACES)	2.2 (0.06)d	2.1 (0.12)d	3.3 (0.12)e	3.0 (0.17)e	p < .01
Perceived discrimination (PED-Q)	24.4 (0.24)d	24.0 (0.47)d	27.4 (0.43)e	25.6 (0.66)e	p < .01
Neighborhood problems	11.5 (0.15)d	11.3 (0.20)d	13.1 (0.20)e	13.0 (0.27)e	p < .01

ACES Adverse Childhood Exposures Scale; GED General Education Development test; PEDQ Perceived Ethnic Discrimination Questionnaire; TSS Traumatic Stress Schedule.

^aIndividuals with data for both diabetes status and depression symptoms.

^bBased on diagnostic criteria of the American Diabetes Association: [fasting plasma glucose ≥126 mg/dL (7 mmol/L), 2 hr postload glucose (2 hr OGTT) ≥200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L), or HbA1c ≥6.5%] and/or by self-report of diabetes diagnosis from a physician, and/or prescribed glucose-lowering medication.

^cDepression symptoms measured by the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale-10-item version (CES-D-10), “high depression” = CES-D-10 score >10.

^dStatistically significant difference compared to diabetes/high depression symptoms group.

^eStatistically significant difference compared to no diabetes/low depression symptoms group.