Table 3.
Multinomial logistic regression analysis with no diabetesa/low depression symptomsb as reference group
Diabetes/low depression symptoms |
No diabetes/high depression symptoms | Diabetes/high depression symptoms |
|||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% CI | p-value | OR | 95% CI | p-value | OR | 95% CI | p-value | |
Model 1: Continuous Socioeconomic Variables + Covariatesc | |||||||||
Household incomed | 0.95 | 0.89, 1.00 | .07 | 0.81 | 0.76, 0.85 | .00* | 0.72 | 0.66, 0.77 | .00* |
Education level completede | 0.85 | 0.71, 1.01 | .07 | 0.84 | 0.74, 0.96 | .00* | 0.87 | 0.72, 1.06 | .16 |
Model 2: Socioeconomic Risk Categories + Covariates | |||||||||
Low household income (<$30,000/year) | 1.25 | 0.91, 1.73 | .17 | 2.66 | 1.93, 3.66 | .00* | 4.61 | 2.89, 7.33 | .00* |
Low education level (<High school diploma/GED) |
1.40 | 1.03, 1.91 | .03* | 1.42 | 1.09, 1.84 | .02* | 1.28 | 0.89, 1.82 | .19 |
Model 3: Socioeconomic + Psychosocial Variables + Covariates | |||||||||
Low household income (<$30,000/year) | 1.17 | 0.85, 1.62 | .33 | 2.07 | 1.54, 2.77 | .00* | 3.28 | 2.08, 5.17 | .00* |
Low education level (<High school diploma/GED) |
1.38 | 1.02, 1.88 | .03* | 1.36 | 1.04, 1.77 | .02* | 1.22 | 0.86, 1.71 | .27 |
Lifetime trauma history (TSS) | 0.97 | 0.83, 1.12 | .65 | 1.17 | 1.03, 1.34 | .02* | 0.96 | 0.79, 1.16 | .67 |
Adverse childhood experiences (ACES) | 1.01 | 0.86, 1.19 | .87 | 1.26 | 1.12, 1.42 | .00* | 1.41 | 1.16, 1.71 | .00* |
Perceived discrimination (PEDQ) | 1.06 | 0.89, 1.27 | .49 | 1.26 | 1.12, 1.41 | .00* | 1.23 | 1.01, 1.50 | .04* |
Neighborhood problems | 1.12 | 0.95, 1.30 | .18 | 1.37 | 1.20, 1.55 | .00* | 1.53 | 1.30, 1.80 | .00* |
ACES Adverse Childhood Exposures Scale; GED General Education Development test; OR odds ratio; PEDQ Perceived Ethnic Discrimination Questionnaire; TSS Traumatic Stress Schedule; 95% CI 95% confidence interval.
aBased on diagnostic criteria recommended by the American Diabetes Association: [fasting plasma glucose ≥126 mg/dL (7 mmol/L), 2 hr postload glucose (2 hr OGTT) ≥200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L), or HbA1c ≥ 6.5%] and/or by self-report of diabetes diagnosis from a physician, and/or prescribed glucose-lowering medication.
bDepression symptoms as measured by the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale-10-item version (CES-D), “high depression” = CES-D score >10.
cCovariates = age, sex, nativity/immigration, ancestry, language preference, field center, health insurance.
dTen-level variable categorized as <$10,000, $10,000–15,000, >$15,000–20,000, >$20,000–25,000, >$25,000–30,000, $30,000–40,000, >$40,000–50,000, >$50,000–75,000, >$75,000–100,000, or >$100,000.
eThree-level variable categorized as <high school diploma/GED, high school diploma/GED, or >high school diploma/GED.
*Statistically significant at p < .05.