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. 2019 Apr 5;53(11):975–987. doi: 10.1093/abm/kaz009

Table 3.

Multinomial logistic regression analysis with no diabetesa/low depression symptomsb as reference group

Diabetes/low
depression symptoms
No diabetes/high depression symptoms Diabetes/high depression
symptoms
OR 95% CI p-value OR 95% CI p-value OR 95% CI p-value
Model 1: Continuous Socioeconomic Variables + Covariatesc
Household incomed 0.95 0.89, 1.00 .07 0.81 0.76, 0.85 .00* 0.72 0.66, 0.77 .00*
Education level completede 0.85 0.71, 1.01 .07 0.84 0.74, 0.96 .00* 0.87 0.72, 1.06 .16
Model 2: Socioeconomic Risk Categories + Covariates
Low household income (<$30,000/year) 1.25 0.91, 1.73 .17 2.66 1.93, 3.66 .00* 4.61 2.89, 7.33 .00*
Low education level
(<High school diploma/GED)
1.40 1.03, 1.91 .03* 1.42 1.09, 1.84 .02* 1.28 0.89, 1.82 .19
Model 3: Socioeconomic + Psychosocial Variables + Covariates
Low household income (<$30,000/year) 1.17 0.85, 1.62 .33 2.07 1.54, 2.77 .00* 3.28 2.08, 5.17 .00*
Low education level
(<High school diploma/GED)
1.38 1.02, 1.88 .03* 1.36 1.04, 1.77 .02* 1.22 0.86, 1.71 .27
Lifetime trauma history (TSS) 0.97 0.83, 1.12 .65 1.17 1.03, 1.34 .02* 0.96 0.79, 1.16 .67
Adverse childhood experiences (ACES) 1.01 0.86, 1.19 .87 1.26 1.12, 1.42 .00* 1.41 1.16, 1.71 .00*
Perceived discrimination (PEDQ) 1.06 0.89, 1.27 .49 1.26 1.12, 1.41 .00* 1.23 1.01, 1.50 .04*
Neighborhood problems 1.12 0.95, 1.30 .18 1.37 1.20, 1.55 .00* 1.53 1.30, 1.80 .00*

ACES Adverse Childhood Exposures Scale; GED General Education Development test; OR odds ratio; PEDQ Perceived Ethnic Discrimination Questionnaire; TSS Traumatic Stress Schedule; 95% CI 95% confidence interval.

aBased on diagnostic criteria recommended by the American Diabetes Association: [fasting plasma glucose ≥126 mg/dL (7 mmol/L), 2 hr postload glucose (2 hr OGTT) ≥200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L), or HbA1c ≥ 6.5%] and/or by self-report of diabetes diagnosis from a physician, and/or prescribed glucose-lowering medication.

bDepression symptoms as measured by the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale-10-item version (CES-D), “high depression” = CES-D score >10.

cCovariates = age, sex, nativity/immigration, ancestry, language preference, field center, health insurance.

dTen-level variable categorized as <$10,000, $10,000–15,000, >$15,000–20,000, >$20,000–25,000, >$25,000–30,000, $30,000–40,000, >$40,000–50,000, >$50,000–75,000, >$75,000–100,000, or >$100,000.

eThree-level variable categorized as <high school diploma/GED, high school diploma/GED, or >high school diploma/GED.

*Statistically significant at p < .05.