Fig. 3.

Inhibition of cariogenic biofilm formation by Moringa oleifera leaf extracts. Cariogenic biofilm was formed with or without the at a non-lethal concentration, and was disrupted with a scraper. The bacteria in the biofilm were resuspended in brain heart infusion (BHI) broth and spread on mitis salivarius-bacitracin and BHI agar plates to count Streptococcus mutans and total bacteria, respectively. Asterisks (*) represent statistically significant differences compared with the control group (P <0.05). CFU, colony-forming unit; DW, distilled water; EtOH, ethanol.