Table 2.
ORs of GDM by TMAOs
| OR (95% CI) | P | |
|---|---|---|
| Univariate model | ||
| Betaine ≤200 vs >200 nmol/mL | 5.00 (2.76–9.07) | <0.0001 |
| l-carnitine ≤112 vs >112 nmol/mL | 14.5 (6.34–33.2) | <0.0001 |
| Cholinechloride | ||
| ≤110 nmol/mL | 4.27 (2.67–6.81) | <0.0001 |
| >110 ≤ ∼270 nmol/mL | 1.00 | |
| >270 nmol/mL | 2.74 (1.32–5.69) | 0.0070 |
| TMA, per SD | 2.06 (1.60–2.65) | <0.0001 |
| TMAO ≤16 vs >16 nmol/mL | 3.39 (2.30–5.00) | <0.0001 |
| Multivariate model 1 | ||
| Betaine ≤200 vs >200 nmol/mL | 4.88 (2.51–9.50) | <0.0001 |
| l-carnitine ≤112 vs >112 nmol/mL | 14.7 (6.05–35.9) | <0.0001 |
| Cholinechloride | ||
| ≤110 nmol/mL | 4.87 (2.74–8.65) | <0.0001 |
| ≥110 nmol/mL ≤ ∼270 nmol/mL | 1.00 | |
| >270 nmol/mL | 3.22 (1.31–7.96) | 0.0112 |
| TMA, per SD | 2.21 (1.60–3.04) | <0.0001 |
| TMAO ≤16 vs >16 nmol/mL | 3.21 (2.04–5.06) | <0.0001 |
| Multivariate model 2 | ||
| Betaine ≤200 vs >200 nmol/mL | 4.62 (2.35–9.08) | <0.0001 |
| l-carnitine ≤112 vs >112 nmol/mL | 13.51 (5.50–33.2) | <0.0001 |
| Cholinechloride | ||
| ≤110 nmol/mL | 4.57 (2.54–8.22) | <0.0001 |
| ≥110 to ≤∼270 nmol/mL | 1.00 | |
| >270 nmol/mL | 3.11 (1.24–7.80) | 0.0150 |
| TMA, per SD | 2.22 (1.60–3.07) | <0.0001 |
| TMAO ≤ vs >16 nmol/mL | 2.89 (1.82–4.58) | <0.0001 |
| Multivariate model 3 | ||
| Betaine ≤200 vs >200 nmol/mL | 4.44 (2.19–9.00) | <0.0001 |
| l-carnitine ≤112 vs >112 nmol/mL | 12.55 (5.09–30.9) | <0.0001 |
| Cholinechloride, | ||
| ≤110 nmol/mL | 3.75 (2.10–6.72) | <0.0001 |
| ≥110 to ≤∼270 nmol/mL | 1.00 | |
| >270 nmol/mL | 3.54 (1.35–9.24) | 0.0100 |
| TMA, per SD | 2.11 (1.51–2.95) | <0.0001 |
| TMAO ≤16 vs >16 nmol/mL | 3.36 (2.05–5.52) | <0.0001 |
| Multivariate model 4 | ||
| Betaine ≤200 vs >200 nmol/mL | 4.20 (2.06–8.53) | <0.0001 |
| l-carnitine ≤112 vs >112 nmol/mL | 11.3 (4.58–28.1) | <0.0001 |
| Cholinechloride, | ||
| ≤110 nmol/mL | 3.52 (1.94–6.38) | <0.0001 |
| ≥110 to ≤∼270 nmol/mL | 1.00 | |
| >270 nmol/mL | 3.42 (1.29–9.08) | 0.0130 |
| TMA, per SD | 2.10 (1.50–2.93) | <0.0001 |
| TMAO ≤16 vs >16 nmol/mL | 3.05 (1.84–5.05) | <0.0001 |
Multivariate model 1 was adjusted for BMI at registration, family history of diabetes in first-degree relatives, systolic and diastolic blood pressure at registration, habitual smoking and drinking before and during pregnancy, gestational age in weeks at registration, parity (≥1), educational attainment (>12 years of school), Han nationality, alanine aminotransferase at the first antenatal care visit, and weight gain up to the time of GCT.
Multivariate model 2 was adjusted for variables in model 1 and concentrations of DCA.
Multivariate model 3 was adjusted for variables in model 1 and concentrations of GUDCA.
Multivariate model 4 was adjusted for variables in model 1 and concentrations of DCA and GUDCA.