Table 2.

Summary of case reports and case series of epilepsy or seizures in NHP in captivity

Case reports and case series
Species	Clinical signs	Diagnosis	Treatment	Outcome
1 Chimpanzee46	Multiple syncopal-like episodes with intermittent associated grand mal seizure activity	By exclusion (loop recorder ruled out cardiac abnormalities) Idiopathic epilepsy	Phenytoin and gabapentin	Successful treatment
Multiple lowland gorilla47	Epileptic seizures	Presumptive trauma at birth
1 Lowland gorilla48	Grand mal seizures 3 weeks before delivery	Eclampsia	Magnesium sulfate	Recovered and gave birth
2 Bonobos28 1 Lowland gorilla28	Seizures of increased frequency	Seizure-generating effects of estrogen (corresponding with ovulation) Hydrocephalus	Phenobarbital, acetazolamide, Levetiracetam, extended-cycle oral contraceptive Phenobarbital, carbamazepine	Decreased frequency of seizures
1 Lowland gorilla49	Progressive left focal seizures and left hemiparesis; Status epilepticus leading to right hemiplegia and debilitation	Cerebrovascular disease secondary to aortic coarctation	Acyclovir, phenobarbital, valproic acid, midazolam	Euthanasia
1 Rhesus monkey50	Seizures of increased frequency	Cerebral tuberculosis		Euthanasia
1 Cynomolgus monkey51	Partial seizures and right hempresis	Post-surgical changes	fluid therapy, phenytoin, dexamethasone, and antibiotics	Recovered with treatment, euthanized later
1 Black and white ruffled lemur52	Chronic intermittent lameness and paresis progressing to convulsions with nystagmus, anisocoria, and profuse salivation	Herpesvirus encephalitis		Died
Multiple species of non-human primates53	Signs of acute amaurotic epilepsy	Unknown	Diphenyl hydantoin sodium
16 Rhesus macaques26	Signs of acute amaurotic epilepsy	Lead poisoning
1 lowland gorilla54	Obtunded mentation with grand mal seizures	Amoebic meningoencephalitis and disseminated infection caused by Balamuthia mandrillaris	Antimicrobials and steroids	Died
1 Japanese Macaque55	Cortical blindness and GTCs	Unknown	diazepam and phenobarbital	Died
1 Guyanese squirrel monkey56	Inappetence and weakness preceded seizures	Staphylococcal meningoencephalitis, nematodiasis, and typhlocolitis	diazepam, pentobarbital, methyl prednisolone, flunixin meglumine, cimetidine, and enrofloxacin	Died
1 Black and white colobus monkey57	marked depression, paresis, whole body tremors, and ataxia“severe seizures”	Pancreatic islet cell tumor		Died
1 Chimpanzee58	Convulsions and severe paralysis	Leucoencephalopathy with cerebral calcinosis	antibiotics, vitamins, corticoids and anti‐inflammatory drugs	Died
1 Red-tailed guenon59	inappetance, lethargy, and seizures	Disseminate cryptococcosis		Died
1 White-handed gibbon60	weak, disoriented, ataxic, seizures	human herpesvirus type 1 infection		Died