Table 3.
Increased odds of STIs among pregnant women with urogenital schistosomiasis
| No. Tested | SCH + (%) | SCH − (%) | OR (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CT | 351 | 2/62 (3.2) | 9/289 (3.1) | 1.0 (0.2, 4.9) | – |
| NG | 351 | 4/62 (6.5) | 1/289 (0.3) | 19.9 (2.2, 180.9) | – |
| CT/NG | 351 | 6/ 62 (9.7) | 10/289 (3.5) | 3.0 (1.0, 8.6) | 2.7 (0.9, 8.3) |
| TV | 357 | 15/63 (23.8) | 37/294 (12.6) | 2.2 (1.1, 4.3) | 2.3 (1.1, 4.8) |
| Any STI | 359 | 21/63 (33.3) | 44/296 (14.9) | 2.9 (1.6, 5.3) | 3.0 (1.5, 6.0) |
aOR = adjusted odds ratio; CT = chlamydia (Chlamydia trachomatis); NG = gonorrhea (Neisseria gonorrhoeae); OR = odds ratio; SCH = schistosomiasis (Schistosoma haematobium); TV = trichomoniasis (Trichomonas vaginalis); STI = sexually transmitted infection. Schistosomiasis (Schistosoma haematobium) tested via urine microscopy, STI via nucleic acid amplification testing (NAAT, GeneXpert). All but five women (362/367 = 99%) underwent two vaginal swabs for STI determination. An additional nine CT/NG and three TV swabs were misplaced or contaminated before laboratory analysis, and two HIV+ women were excluded from all STI analyses (see Methods). Only one woman had missing laboratory results for both of her completed swabs. Adjusted odds ratios not calculated individually for CT or NG infections because of sparse data. Adjusted odds ratios adjusted for participant age, educational attainment, civil status, and sharing of primary sexual partner with other concurrent partners.