Table 2.
Hazard ratios for episodes of infection by type, before and after semi-Bayes shrinkage, from Cox regression models, Denmark, 1995–2011.
| Infection Type | Events in PTSD cohort | Events in comparison cohort | Original Hazard Ratio (95% CI) | Semi-Bayes Hazard Ratio (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Infections overall | 1239 | 3715 | 1.8 (1.6, 1.9) | 1.8 (1.6, 2.0) |
| Meningitis | 6 | 28 | 0.97 (0.38, 2.4) | 1.3 (0.63, 2.5) |
| Misc. bacterial infections | 32 | 115 | 1.3 (0.88, 2.0) | 1.4 (0.93. 2.0) |
| Sexually transmitted diseases | 43 | 154 | 1.4 (0.97, 1.9) | 1.4 (1.0, 2.0) |
| Ear infections | 30 | 104 | 1.4 (0.90, 2.1) | 1.4 (0.95, 2.1) |
| Obstetrical infections | 72 | 242 | 1.5 (1.1, 1.9) | 1.5 (1.1, 1.9) |
| Sepsis | 60 | 198 | 1.5 (1.1, 2.1) | 1.6 (1.1, 2.1) |
| Central Nervous System infections (except meningococcal disease) | 15 | 50 | 1.6 (0.86, 2.9) | 1.6 (0.95, 2.7) |
| Infectious complications of procedures, catheters etc. | 57 | 152 | 1.6 (1.2, 2.2) | 1.6 (1.2, 2.2) |
| Cellulitis | 37 | 105 | 1.6 (1.1, 2.4) | 1.6 (1.1, 2.4) |
| Skin infections | 134 | 384 | 1.6 (1.3, 2.0) | 1.6 (1.3, 2.0) |
| Influenza | 10 | 34 | 1.7 (0.81, 3.5) | 1.7 (0.93, 3.1) |
| Intra-abdominal infections | 166 | 475 | 1.7 (1.4, 2.0) | 1.7 (1.4, 2.0) |
| Abscesses | 226 | 623 | 1.7 (1.4, 2.0) | 1.7 (1.4, 2.0) |
| Male genital infections | 28 | 78 | 1.7 (1.1, 2.7) | 1.7 (1.1, 2.6) |
| Other lower-respiratory tract infections | 102 | 265 | 1.7 (1.4, 2.2) | 1.7 (1.4, 2.2) |
| Septic arthritis, osteomyelitis, myositis | 16 | 35 | 1.8 (0.88, 3.5) | 1.8 (0.98, 3.1) |
| Miscellaneous viral infections | 36 | 99 | 1.8 (1.2, 2.6) | 1.8 (1.2, 2.6) |
| Other skin infections | 130 | 347 | 1.8 (1.4, 2.2) | 1.8 (1.4, 2.2) |
| Pneumonia | 269 | 723 | 1.8 (1.6, 2.1) | 1.8 (1.5, 2.2) |
| Female pelvic infections (salpingo-oophritis, uterine infections, vulvovaginitis) | 103 | 257 | 1.9 (1.5, 2.4) | 1.9 (1.5, 2.4) |
| Upper respiratory tract infections | 73 | 174 | 2.1 (1.5, 2.7) | 2.0 (1.5, 2.7) |
| Other infections or sequelae of infections | 18 | 40 | 2.1 (1.1, 3.8) | 2.0 (1.2, 3.4) |
| Urinary tract infections | 234 | 569 | 2.1 (1.8, 2.5) | 2.1 (1.7, 2.5) |
| Bacteremia | 21 | 46 | 2.1 (1.2, 3.7) | 2.0 (1.2, 3.3) |
| Gastrointestinal infections | 124 | 267 | 2.2 (1.7, 2.8) | 2.1 (1.7, 2.7) |
| Candidiasis and other fungal infections | 33 | 76 | 2.3 (1.5, 3.6) | 2.2 (1.4, 3.4) |
| Eye infections | 85 | 188 | 2.3 (1.8, 3.1) | 2.3 (1.7, 3.0) |
| Viral hepatitis | 33 | 48 | 3.1 (1.8, 5.4) | 2.7 (1.7, 4.5) |
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; PTSD, posttraumatic stress disorder
The infection types are arranged in rows representing increasing magnitude of the original HRs.
Models were adjusted for marital status, comorbidity (CCI score), substance abuse and dependence diagnoses, and depression diagnosis. Limited to infections with at least 5 observed events in the PTSD cohort and comparison cohort.