Table 3.

Estimation of annual public direct medical cost by disease status at baseline

Disease Status at Baseline	Average public direct medical cost (US$±SD)	Multiplier (95% CI)
		Age and Sex	Age, Sex, and Smoking	Age, Sex, Smoking, and Intermediate Risk Factorsa	Age, Sex, Smoking, Intermediate Risk Factors, Diagnosis of Diabetes, and Medicationsb
No CVD or moderate/severe CKD	1709±6989	1 (Reference)	1 (Reference)	1 (Reference)	1 (Reference)
Heart diseases	4335±11,119	1.55 (1.49,1.61)	1.55 (1.49,1.62)	1.49 (1.43,1.54)	1.53 (1.47,1.59)
Stroke	4146±12,464	1.66 (1.60,1.72)	1.65 (1.60,1.71)	1.61 (1.55,1.67)	1.66 (1.60,1.72)
Moderate CKD	5048±12,903	1.89 (1.82,1.97)	1.89 (1.81,1.96)	1.83 (1.76,1.90)	1.80 (1.73,1.87)
Severe CKD	9346±16,042	4.16 (3.59,4.82)	4.14 (3.57,4.80)	3.95 (3.41,4.58)	3.87 (3.34,4.47)

Heart diseases include coronary heart disease and heart failure. Moderate CKD, eGFR 30–59 ml/min per 1.73 m²; severe CKD, eGFR 15–29 ml/min per 1.73 m². The P values for all multiplier were <0.001 by generalized linear model with γ family and log link function. CI, confidence interval; CVD, cardiovascular disease.

^aIntermediate risk factors include systolic and diastolic BP, LDL cholesterol, body mass index, total cholesterol/HDL ratio, triglycerides, and fasting glucose at baseline.

^bDiagnosis of diabetes and medications include number of antihypertensive drugs used, use of antidiabetic drugs, and lipid-lowering drugs at baseline.