Comparison 1. BoNT‐A versus usual care or physiotherapy.

Outcome or subgroup title	No. of studies	No. of participants	Statistical method	Effect size
1 Gait: observational gait analysis; medium‐term follow‐up	1		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
2 Gait: speed; short‐term follow‐up	1		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
3 Gait: speed; medium‐term follow‐up	1		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
4 Gait: speed; long‐term follow‐up	1		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
5 Gait: step length; long‐term follow‐up	1		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
6 Gait (GGI); long‐term follow‐up	1		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
7 Function; short‐term follow‐up	2	123	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.59 [0.23, 0.95]
8 Function; medium‐term follow‐up	4	191	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	1.04 [0.16, 1.91]
9 Function; long‐term follow‐up	4	199	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.34 [‐0.33, 1.01]
10 Range of motion: passive ankle dorsiflexion; short‐term follow‐up	2	186	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	8.34 [1.19, 15.50]
11 Range of motion: passive ankle dorsiflexion; medium‐term follow‐up	5	272	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	6.36 [4.03, 8.69]
12 Range of motion: passive ankle dorsiflexion; long‐term follow‐up	4	250	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	6.48 [4.42, 8.53]
13 Range of motion: knee extension (popliteal angle); long‐term follow‐up	1		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
14 Satisfaction; long‐term follow‐up	1		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
15 Spasticity: ankle plantarflexors; short‐term follow‐up	2	186	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐1.19 [‐2.62, 0.24]
16 Spasticity: ankle plantarflexors; medium‐term follow‐up	3	226	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐1.66 [‐2.88, ‐0.43]
17 Spasticity; long‐term follow‐up	4	319	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.91 [‐1.17, ‐0.66]
17.1 Ankle plantarflexors	4	258	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.79 [‐1.04, ‐0.53]
17.2 Hip adductors	2	46	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐1.50 [‐2.18, ‐0.83]
17.3 Hamstrings	1	15	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐1.27 [‐2.44, ‐0.11]
18 Sensitivity analysis: function; medium‐term follow‐up	3	153	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	1.50 [1.14, 1.86]
19 Sensitivity analysis: function; long‐term follow‐up	3	119	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.03 [‐0.33, 0.39]
20 Sensitivity analysis: spasticity: ankle plantarflexors; short‐term follow‐up	2	186	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	‐0.74 [‐1.04, ‐0.44]
21 Sensitivity analysis: spasticity: ankle plantarflexors; medium‐term follow‐up	2	83	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.83 [‐0.98, ‐0.67]