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KINDL-R subscale and total mean z-scores according to age- and gender-specific reference values in the self-report groups (A) and parent report groups (B). P-CHI, persistent CHI; T-CHI, transient CHI; *P < 0.05; **P < 0.001; areference values of BELLA study of the KiGGS (9); breference values of KiGGS study (8).
