Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of the study patients stratified by metabolic syndrome.
| Metabolic syndrome | Non-metabolic syndrome | P-value* | Effect size | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 10,304 | 5,188 | ||
| Age (year) | 52.8 ± 11.6 | 52.2 ± 11.2 | 0.001 | 0.05 |
| Male, n (%) | 6,384/10,304 (62.0) | 2,877/5,188 (55.5) | <0.0001 | 0.06 |
| South, n (%) | 6,824/10,304 (66.2) | 3,683/5,188 (71.0) | <0.0001 | 0.05 |
| Educational level | ||||
| Tertiary or above, n (%) | 1,966/9,475 (20.7) | 916/4,870 (18.8) | 0.006 | 0.02 |
| Senior high school, n (%) | 2,412/9,475 (25.5) | 1,313/4,870 (27.0) | 0.052 | 0.02 |
| Junior high school or lower, n (%) | 5,097/9,475 (53.8) | 2,641/4,870 (54.2) | 0.620 | 0.00 |
| Current smoking, n (%) | 3,361/10,189 (33.0) | 1,390/5,126 (27.1) | <0.0001 | 0.06 |
| Current alcohol consumption, n (%) | 2,067/10,136 (20.4) | 739/5,103 (14.5) | <0.0001 | 0.07 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.73 ± 3.38 | 22.67 ± 2.99 | <0.0001 | 0.95 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 91.78 ± 9.67 | 81.30 ± 8.44 | <0.0001 | 1.15 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 131.8 ± 16.2 | 120.7 ± 14.3 | <0.0001 | 0.73 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 82.4 ± 10.6 | 75.9 ± 8.9 | <0.0001 | 0.66 |
| TGs (mmol/L) ł | 2.14 (1.55–3.19) | 1.17 (0.88–1.51) | <0.001 | 0.51 |
| LDL-C (mmol/L) | 2.88 ± 1.00 | 2.85 ± 0.96 | 0.097 | 0.03 |
| HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.09 ± 0.34 | 1.36 ± 0.37 | <0.0001 | 0.76 |
| HbA1c (%) ł | 9.0 (7.2–11.2) | 8.9 (6.8–11.6) | 0.823 | 0.01 |
| HOMA2-B (%) ł | 46.1 (25.8–73.2) | 37.7 (19.4–62.6) | <0.001 | 0.12 |
| HOMA2-IR ł | 1.70 (1.12–2.38) | 1.15 (0.71–1.68) | <0.001 | 0.28 |
| DKA, n (%) | 578/10,153 (5.7) | 371/5,136 (7.2) | 0.0002 | 0.03 |
| GADA positivity, n (%) | 321/10,304 (3.1) | 464/5,188 (8.9) | <0.0001 | 0.13 |
| Family history of diabetes, n (%) | 2,832/10,119 (28.0) | 1,442/5,115 (28.2) | 0.791 | 0.00 |
| Use of insulin treatment, n (%) | 2,255/10,277 (21.9) | 1,392/5,166 (26.9) | <0.0001 | 0.06 |
| Use of antihypertensive agents, n (%) | 3,058/10,277 (29.8) | 452/5,166 (8.7) | <0.0001 | 0.24 |
| Use of lipid-lowering agents, n (%) | 1,336/10,277 (13.0) | 388/5,166 (7.5) | <0.0001 | 0.08 |
| Types of diabetes | ||||
| Type 1, n (%) | 108 (1.0) | 208 (4.0) | <0.0001 | 0.10 |
| Type 2, n (%) | 9,936 (96.4) | 4,653 (89.7) | <0.0001 | 0.14 |
| LADA, n (%) | 260 (2.5) | 327 (6.3) | <0.0001 | 0.09 |
BP, blood pressure; DKA, diabetic ketoacidosis; data were presented as number (%) for categorial variables, and mean ± SD or median (interquartile range) for continuous variables.
P-value: for continuous variables, estimates were based on Student t-test for normally-distributed data, or Mann-Whitney U test for highly-skewed data with the mark (ł); for categorical variables, estimates were based on χ2 test or Fisher's exact test. For a Student t-test the Effect Size (Cohen's d) Calculator has been chosen. For the Mann-Whitney test an effect size can be achieved by dividing the Z-value with the square root of total number. For categorical data, the effect size is calculated by dividing chi-square value with the total number, and then take the square root.